|
== Sejarah ==
Mulanya, pada suatu hari Nabi Muhammad (ﷺ) mengumpulkan para sahabatnya untuk meminta pendapat mereka mengenai bagaimana metode terbaik untuk memberi tahu umat muslim tentang masuknya waktu [[salat]]. Beberapa dari mereka mengusulkan penggunaan [[trompet]], tetapi Nabi tidak menyukainya karena itu menyerupai orang-orang [[Agama Yahudi|Yahudi]]. Lalu ada yang mengajukan penggunaan [[lonceng]], tetapi itu juga tidak disukai oleh Nabi karena menyerupai orang-orang [[Kristen|Nasrani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadits Majah No. 699 {{!}} Memulai adzan|url=http://www.hadits.id/hadits/majah/699|website=Hadits.id|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref> Apalagi dengan fakta bahwa Nabi Muhammad di lain kesempatan bersabda, "Lonceng (''الجرس'') adalah alat musik setan",<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sahih Muslim 2114 - The Book of Clothes and Adornment - كتاب اللباس والزينة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:2114|website=sunnah.com|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref> dan "Malaikat tidak menemani para pejalan yang ada lonceng dan [[anjing]] bersamanya."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahih Muslim 2113a - The Book of Clothes and Adornment - كتاب اللباس والزينة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:2113a|website=sunnah.com|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref> Namun terdapat pula riwayat-riwayat [[Shahih (disambiguasi)|sahih]] yang berisi bahwa ketika Nabi Muhammad ditanyakan bagaimana wahyu dari Allah turun kepada beliau, Sang Nabi menjawab, wahyu dari Allah "terkadang turun kepadaku seperti bunyi lonceng (''الجرس'' )."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahih Muslim 2333b - The Book of Virtues - كتاب الفضائل - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:2333b|website=sunnah.com|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahih al-Bukhari 3215 - Beginning of Creation - كتاب بدء الخلق - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3215|website=sunnah.com|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahih al-Bukhari 2 - Revelation - كتاب بدء الوحى - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2|website=sunnah.com|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref><ref>Traditionally 4x.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jami`Sahih atal-TirmidhiBukhari 36342 - Chapters on VirtuesRevelation - كتاب المناقب عنبدء رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلمالوحى - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhibukhari:36342|website=sunnah.com|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref> Followers of the [[Maliki]] [[madhhab]] also repeat this line four times.</ref>
Kemudian pada suatu malam, salah seorang sahabat Nabi dari kaum [[Kaum Anshar|Ansar]], yakni Abdullah bin Zaid, mendapatkan mimpi di mana ia bertemu dengan seorang pria yang membawa lonceng yang memberitahunya mengenai lafal adzan. Tercatat salah satunya pada hadis berikut:
== Lafal ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
[[Berkas:Adhan in Shalqar mosque.webm|jmpl|265px|Azan di [[:ru:Мечеть имени Матея Коканулы|Masjid Matey Qoqanuly]] ([[Shalkar]], [[Kazakhstan]])]]
|+Bacaan azan serta perulangannya
! colspan="4" |Bacaan
{|class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="width:30%;" |Arab
|+ Rincian apa yang dibacakan dan berapa kali
! rowspan="2" style="width:30%;" |Transkripsi
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:30%;" |Terjemahan
! colspan="3" | Pengulangan
! rowspan="2" | Lafal
! rowspan="2" | Transliterasi
! rowspan="2" | Terjemahan
|-
!Oleh<br/>[[Islam Sunni|Sunni]]<br/>(Asli){{efn|AzanThe yangsame samaAdhan jugais dipakaiused olehby [[AhmadiyyahAhmadiyya]] Muslims.}}<br/><ref name="Sahih BukhariBukhari2">[[ShahihSahih Bukhari]] [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/089.sbt.html#009.089.329 89.329] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204000758/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/089.sbt.html#009.089.329 |date=2008-12-04 }}</ref><ref name="Sahih MuslimMuslim2">[[Sahih Muslim]] [http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muslim/020.smt.html : Book 020: Number 4477, 4478, 4480, 4481, 4482, 4483] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820100533/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muslim/020.smt.html |date=2011-08-20 }}</ref><ref name="Sunan Abu DawoodDawood2">[[Sunan Abu Dawood]] [http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/036.sat.html : Book 36: Number 4266] {{WebarchiveCite web|title=Sahih Muslim|url=https://websunnah.archive.org/web/20110806031146/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/textscom/muslim/hadith/abudawud/0364|website=sunnah.sat.html com|access-date=20112020-0803-06 18}}</ref><ref name="Sunan al-TirmidhiTirmidhi2">Sunan al-Tirmidhi (Arabic) Chapter of Fitan, 2:45 (India) and 4:501 Tradition # 2225 (Egypt); Hadith #2149 (numbering of al-'Alamiyyah)</ref>
!Oleh<br/>[[Syiah]]<br/><ref name="Sunan Abu DawoodDawood2" /><ref name="Sunan al-TirmidhiTirmidhi2" /><ref name="Quran 112">[[Quran]] [http://al-quran.info/?x=y#&&sura=32&aya=21&trans=en-ali_quli&show=both,quran-uthmani&ver=2.00 : Surah Sajda: Ayah 24-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427170412/http://al-quran.info/?x=y#&&sura=32&aya=21&trans=en-ali_quli&show=both,quran-uthmani&ver=2.00 |date=2018-04-27 }}</ref>
![[Zaidiyah]]
!Oleh<br/>[[Zaidiyyah|Zaydi]]
![[Quranisme]]
<ref>M. Ed., Loyola University-Maryland; B. S.. "What Do 'Submitters' or Quranists Believe?".</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Quranist Adhaan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HgvclJpckP8|website=Quranist Dhikr|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/HgvclJpckP8|archive-date=2021-11-18|url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|4× atau 2×{{efn|Mayoritas 4×.<ref>Kitab rab as-sad by Sana'ani</ref> Mazhab [[Maliki]] juga empat kali.}}
| 4x atau 2x
| 4x4×
|8× atau 4× atau 2×
| 8x atau 4x{{efn|Secara tradisional 4x.<ref>Kitab rab as-sad by Sana'ani</ref> Pemngikut [[Madzhab Maliki|madzhab]] [[Maliki]] juga mengulang baris ini 4x.}}
|2×
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" |ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ
| [[Takbir|ʾAllāhu ʾakbar{{smallsup|u}}]]
|[[Takbir|Allāhu akbar{{smallsup|u}}]]
| [[Allah]] Maha Besar [daripada sesuatu apa pun]
|Allah Maha Besar
|-
! colspan="4" |2×
| 2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" |أَشْهَدُ أَن لَّا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ
| 2x
|[[Syahadat|asyhadu an lā ilāha illallāh{{smallsup|u}}]]
| 2x
|Aku bersaksi bahwa tidak ada Tuhan selain Allah
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ
| [[Shahada|ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh{{smallsup|u}}]]
| Aku bersaksi bahwa tiada Tuhan selain Allah
|-
! colspan="3" |2×
| 2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" |Tidak ada
| 2x
|أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ
| 2x
|asyhadu ʾanna Muḥammadar rasūlullāh{{smallsup|i}}
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ
|Aku bersaksi bahwa [[Muhammad]] adalah Rasul Allah
| ʾašhadu ʾanna Muḥammadan rasūlu -llāh{{smallsup|i}}
| Aku bersaksi bahwa [[Muhammad]] adalah [[Rasul|Rasul Allah]]
|-
| Tak ada
| 2x{{efn|name=MentionOfAli}}
| Tak ada
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ عَلِيًّا وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ
| ʾašhadu ʾanna ʿAlīyan walīyu -llāh{{smallsup|i}}
| Aku bersaksi bahwa [[Ali bin Abi Thalib|Ali]] adalah [[Wali|Wali Allah]]
|-
! colspan="4" |2×
| 2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" |حَيَّ عَلَى ٱلصَّلَاةِ
| 2x
----حَيَّ عَلَى ٱلصَّلَوٰةِ
| 2x
|ḥayya alaṣ-ṣalāh{{smallsup|ti}}
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | حَيَّ عَلَىٰ ٱلصَّلَاةِ
|Marilah mendirikan salat
| ḥayya ʿalā ṣ-ṣalāh{{smallsup|ti}}
| Mari menunaikan [[salat]]
|-
! colspan="4" |2×
| 2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" |حَيَّ عَلَى ٱلْفَلَاحِ
| 2x
----حَيَّ عَلَى ٱلْفَلَٰحِ
| 2x
|ḥayya ʿalal-falāḥ{{smallsup|i}}
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | حَيَّ عَلَىٰ ٱلْفَلَاحِ
|Marilah meraih kemenangan
| ḥayya ʿalā l-[[falah|falāḥ{{smallsup|i}}]]
| Mari menuju kemenangan
|-
| Tidak ada
! colspan="2" |2×
| 2x
|Tidak ada
| 2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | حَيَّ عَلَىٰ خَيْرِ ٱلْعَمَلِ
| ḥayya ʿalā khayri lkhairil-ʿamal{{smallsup|i}}
|Marilah beramal kebajikan
| Buru-buru melakukan yang terbaik
|-
|2x
| 2x<br/>{{small|([[Salat subuh]] saja)}}{{efn|Pengikut [[Madzhab Maliki]] percaya bahwa baris ini dua kali dan ulangi dua baris berikut sebelum baris empat kali, seperti dicatat dalam Sahih Muslim, Book 4, Ch. 2, No. 0740.}}
{{small|([[Salat Subuh]] saja)}}{{efn|Pengikut [[mazhab Maliki]] membacakan dua kali dan mengulang dan mengulang dua baris berikutnya sebelum baris yang diucapkan 4 kali (Sahih Muslim, Kitab No. 4, Bab 2, No. 0740)}}
| Tidak ada
|! colspan="3" |Tidak ada
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | ٱلصَّلَاةُ خَيْرٌ مِنَ ٱلنَّوْمِ
----ٱلصَّلَوٰةُ خَيْرٌ مِنَ ٱلنَّوْمِ
| aṣ-ṣalātu khayrun mina n-nawm{{smallsup|i}}
|aṣ-ṣalātu khairun minan-naum{{smallsup|i}}
| Salat itu lebih baik daripada tidur
|Salat lebih baik daripada tidur
|-
! colspan="4" |2×
| 2x
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" |ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ
| 2x
|Allāhu akbar{{smallsup|u}}
| 2x
|Allah is greatest
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ
| ʾAllāhu ʾakbar{{smallsup|u}}
| [[Allah]] Maha Besar
|-
| 1x1×
| 2x2×
| 1x1×
|1×
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" | لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ
| dir="rtl" lang="ar" |لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ
| lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh{{smallsup|u}}
|lā ilāha illāllāh{{smallsup|u}}
| Tiada Tuhan selain Allah
|Tidak ada Tuhan selain Allah
|}
On rare occasions, the muezzin may say 'Sallu fi buyutikum (Pray in your homes) or Sallu fi rihaalikum (Pray in your dwellings) if it is raining heavily, if it is windy or if it is cold. Another case where this was said was during the COVID-19 lockdown. The phrase is usually said at the end of the adhan or he may skip Hayya ala salah and Hayya alal falah; other ways have also been narrated.{{Notelist|notes=}}
{{Notelist|notes=
{{efn|name=MentionOfAli|Menurut ulama Usuli Twelver Syiah, frasa ini bukan bagian wajib dari Azan dan Iqamah, tetapi direkomendasikan ([[Mustahab]]). [[Akhbari]] Twelver Shia, however, consider it as an obligatory part of Adhan and Iqamah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akhbari.org |title=Akhbari |publisher=Akhbari |date= |accessdate=2013-12-31}}</ref> [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]], [[Ismailism|Ismaili]], [[Alavi Bohras]] and [[Dawoodi Bohra]] believe and include and recite this at same place, twice in main adhan, but not in Iqama. They also recite ''Muḥammadun wa ʿAlīyun khayru l-basar wa itaratu huma khayru l-itar'' (Muhammad and Ali are the best of mankind and their progeny is the best of progenies) twice after the 6th part (''Ḥayya ʿala-khayri l-ʿamal''). This tradition is continued from their first [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]], [[Zoeb bin Moosa]] (1132 CE), after their 21st [[Imam]], [[At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim]], and claim this is true [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] tradition.<ref>[http://sistani.org/local.php?modules=nav&nid=2&bid=59&pid=2947 Islamic Laws : Rules of Namaz » Adhan and Iqamah] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914174319/http://sistani.org/local.php?modules=nav&nid=2&bid=59&pid=2947 |date=September 14, 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.khamenei.de/fatwas/practical03.htm Importance and Conditions of Prayers - Question #466] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708075111/http://www.khamenei.de/fatwas/practical03.htm |date=July 8, 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.duas.org/calltoprayer.htm "Adhan Call to Prayer"]. ''duas.org''. Retrieved on 25 August 2016.</ref>}}
}}
== Adab azan ==
| 