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=== Zaman kuno ===
[[File:Artgate Fondazione Cariplo - Betti Oreste - Veduta della Roma imperiale.jpg|thumb|RecreationRekreasi of[[Roma|Roma AncientKuno]] Romepada at its heightpuncaknya. The cityKota wasini theadalah firstyang inpertama thedi worlddunia toyang reachmencapai onesatu millionjuta inhabitantspenduduk.]]
{{Further|Cities of the Ancient Near East|Polis|City-state|Late Antiquity#Cities}}
[[Tell es-Sultan|JerichoYerikho]] anddan [[Çatalhöyük]], datedberasal todari themilenium [[eighthkedelapan millennium BC]]SM, are amongadalah thesalah earliestsatu [[proto-citieskota]] knownpaling toawal archaeologistsyang diketahui para [[Arkeologi|arkeolog]].<ref name="Perlman16">[[Fredy Perlman]], ''[[Against His-Story, Against Leviathan]]'', Detroit: Black & Red, 1983; p. 16.</ref><ref>Southall (1998), p. 23.</ref> HoweverNamun, thewilayah [[Mesopotamia]]n citydari ofpertengahan milenium keempat SM ([[UrukIrak]] from the mid fourth millennium BC (ancient Iraqkuno) isdianggap consideredoleh bybeberapa someorang tosebagai bekota thesejati first true Citypertama, withdengan itsnamanya namedikaitkan attributeddengan to theperiode [[Uruk period]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art |date=Oct 2003 |title=Uruk: The First City |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/uruk/hd_uruk.htm |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=www.metmuseum.org |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401115230/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/uruk/hd_uruk.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uruk (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states/a/uruk |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=Khan Academy |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305140202/https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states/a/uruk |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Science Has Learned about the Rise of Urban Mesopotamia |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/uruk-period-mesopotamia-rise-of-sumer-171676 |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305135740/https://www.thoughtco.com/uruk-period-mesopotamia-rise-of-sumer-171676 |url-status=live }}</ref>
InPada themilenium [[fourthkeempat millenniumdan BC|fourth]]ketiga and [[third millennium BC]]SM, complexperadaban civilizationsyang flourishedkompleks inberkembang thedi riverlembah-lembah valleys ofsungai [[Mesopotamia]], [[India]], [[ChinaTiongkok]], anddan [[EgyptMesir]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|title=Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places|date=2014|page=204}}</ref><ref>Jhimli Mukherjee Pandeyl, "Varanasi is as old as Indus valley civilization, finds IIT-KGP study", ''Times of India'' 25 February 2016.</ref> ExcavationsPenggalian indi thesedaerah areasini havetelah foundmenemukan thereruntuhan kota yang ditujukan untuk [[ruinsperdagangan]] of cities geared variously towards trade, politicspolitik, oratau religionagama. SomeBeberapa hadmemiliki large,populasi [[Urbanyang density|densebesar populations]]dan padat, buttetapi othersyang carriedlain outmelakukan urbanaktivitas activitiesperkotaan indi theranah realms ofpolitik politicsatau oragama religiontanpa withoutmemiliki havingpopulasi largeterkait associatedyang populationsbesar.
AmongDi theantara earlykota-kota Old[[Dunia WorldLama]] citiesawal, [[Mohenjo-daro]] ofperadaban the[[Sungai Indus|Lembah ValleyIndus]] civilizationyang insaat present-dayini [[Pakistan]], existingada fromdari aboutsekitar 2600 BCSM, wasadalah onesalah ofsatu theyang largestterbesar, withdengan a population ofpopulasi 50,.000 oratau morelebih anddan asistem [[Sanitationsanitasi ofyang the Indus Valley civilisation|sophisticated sanitation system]]canggih.<ref>Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998) ''Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization''. [[Oxford University Press]], Karachi and New York.</ref> Kota-kota terencana [[Ancient Chinese urban planning|China's planned citiesTiongkok]] weredibangun constructedmenurut accordingprinsip-prinsip tosakral sacreduntuk principlesbertindak to act as celestialsebagai [[MacrocosmMakrokosmos anddan microcosmmikrokosmos|microcosmsmikrokosmos]] surgawi.<ref>Southall (1998), pp. 38–43.</ref>
TheKota-kota [[ListMesir ofKuno]] ancientyang Egyptian towns and cities|Ancient Egyptian cities]]diketahui knownsecara physicallyfisik byoleh archaeologistspara arearkeolog nottidaklah extensiveluas.<ref name="Smith2002" /> TheyMereka includetermasuk (knowndikenal bydengan theirnama Arab namesmereka) [[''El -Lahun]]'', akota workers'pekerja townyang associatedterkait withdengan the pyramid ofpiramida [[Senusret II]], anddan thekota religious cityreligius [[Amarna]] builtdibangun byoleh [[Akhenaten]] anddan abandoned[[Abandonemen]]. TheseSitus-situs sitesini appeartampaknya planneddirencanakan indengan acara highlyyang regimentedsangat andteratur [[social stratification|stratified]]dan fashionbertingkat, withdengan akisi-kisi minimalistickamar gridminimalis ofuntuk roomspara forpekerja thedan workersperumahan andyang increasinglysemakin morerumit elaboratetersedia housinguntuk availablekelas foryang higherlebih classestinggi.<ref>Moholy-Nagy (1968), pp. 158–161.</ref>
InDi [[Mesopotamia]], the civilization ofperadaban [[SumerSumeria]], followeddiikuti byoleh [[AssyriaAsyur]] anddan [[BabylonBabilonia]], gavememunculkan risebanyak tokota, numerousdiperintah cities,oleh governedraja bydan kingsmengembangkan andberbagai fosteringbahasa multipleyang languagesditulis writtendalam intulisan [[cuneiform]]paku.<ref>[[Robert McCormick Adams Jr.]], ''[https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/heartland_of_cities.pdf Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113035705/https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/heartland_of_cities.pdf |date=13 November 2018 }}''; University of Chicago Press, 1981; {{ISBN|0-226-00544-5}}; p. 2. "Southern Mesopotamia was a land of cities. It became one precociously, before the end of the fourth millennium B.C. Urban traditions remained strong and virtually continuous through the vicissitudes of conquest, internal upheaval accompanied by widespread economic breakdown, and massive linguistic and population replacement. The symbolic and material content of civilization obviously changed, but its cultural ambience remained tied to cities."</ref> TheKekaisaran perdagangan [[PhoeniciaFenisia]]n, tradingberkembang empire,sekitar flourishingpergantian aroundmilenium thepertama turnSM, ofmeliputi thebanyak [[firstkota millenniumyang BC]],terbentang encompasseddari [[List of Phoenician cities|numerous citiesTirus]], extending fromKidon, [[TyreJubail, Lebanon|TyreJubail]], [[CydonKartago]], and [[Byblos]] to [[Carthage]] anddan [[Cádiz]].
InPada theabad-abad following centuriesberikutnya, independentnegara-kota [[city-stateYunani]]s ofyang [[Ancient Greece|Greece]]merdeka, especiallykhususnya [[ClassicalKota AthensAthena|AthensAthena]], developed themengembangkan ''[[polis]]'', ansebuah associationasosiasi ofwarga malelaki-laki landowningpemilik [[citizenship|citizens]]tanah yang whosecara collectivelykolektif constitutedmembentuk thekota citytersebut.<ref name="tws2Y21">{{Cite book | last = Pocock | first = J.G.A. | title = The Citizenship Debates | publisher = The University of Minnesota | series = Chapter 2 – The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times (originally published in ''Queen's Quarterly'' 99, no. 1) | year = 1998 | location = Minneapolis, MN | page = 31 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i6U7CTuCJLYC&pg=PA31 | isbn = 978-0-8166-2880-3 | access-date = 11 November 2015 | archive-date = 9 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160609220358/https://books.google.com/books?id=i6U7CTuCJLYC&pg=PA31 | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[agoraAgora]], meaningyang berarti "gatheringtempat placeberkumpul" oratau "assemblyberkumpul", wasadalah thepusat centerkehidupan of athleticatletik, artisticartistik, spiritual, anddan political life of thepolitik ''polis''.<ref name="InternationalDictionary">{{cite book |title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe | last=Ring, Salkin, Boda | first=Trudy, Robert, Sharon | publisher = Routledge|date = 1 January 1996 | page = 66 | isbn=978-1-884964-02-2}}</ref> [[RomeRoma]] wasadalah thekota firstpertama cityyang thatmelampaui surpassedsatu onejuta million inhabitantspenduduk. UnderDi thebawah authoritykekuasaan of [[Roman Empire|its empire]]kekaisarannya, RomeRoma transformedmengubah anddan [[Listmendirikan of cities founded by the Romans|founded]] manybanyak citieskota (''[[Colonia (Roman)|coloniae]]''), anddan withbersama themmereka broughtmembawa its principles ofprinsip-prinsip urbanarsitektur architecturekota, designdesain, anddan societymasyarakat.<ref>Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 41–42. "Rome created an elaborate urban system. Roman colonies were organized as a means of securing Roman territory. The first thing that Romans did when they conquered new territories was to establish cities."</ref>
InDi the[[Amerika ancientSerikat|Amerika Americaskuno]], earlytradisi urban traditionsawal developedberkembang in thedi [[Andes]] anddan [[MesoamericaMesoamerika]]. In theDi Andes, thepusat first urban centerskota developedpertama inberkembang thedi [[peradaban Norte Chico civilization]], [[Chavínbudaya culture|Chavin]] anddan [[Moche (culture)|Moche]] cultures, followeddiikuti byoleh majorkota-kota citiesbesar indi theHuari, [[HuariKebudayaan cultureChimú|Huari]], [[Chimu]] anddan kebudayaan [[Inca Kola|Inca]] cultures. The[[Peradaban Norte Chico]] civilizationmencakup includedsebanyak as30 manypusat aspopulasi 30utama majordi populationtempat centersyang insekarang whatmenjadi is now thewilayah [[Norte Chico, (Peruvian region)Chili|Norte Chico region]] ofdi north-centralpesisir coastalutara-tengah [[Peru]]. ItIni isadalah theperadaban oldesttertua knownyang civilizationdiketahui indi the AmericasAmerika, flourishingberkembang betweenantara theabad 30thke-30 anddan 18th centurieske-18 BCSM.<ref name="Shady1997">{{cite book |last=Shady Solís |first=Ruth Martha |author-link=Ruth Shady |title=La ciudad sagrada de Caral-Supe en los albores de la civilización en el Perú |url=http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/Bibvirtual/Libros/Arqueologia/ciudad_sagrada/caratula.htm |access-date=3 March 2007 |year=1997 |publisher=UNMSM, Fondo Editorial |location=Lima |language=es |archive-date=7 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207051615/http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/Bibvirtual/libros/Arqueologia/ciudad_sagrada/caratula.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Mesoamerica saw the rise of early urbanism in several cultural regions, beginning with the [[Olmec]] and spreading to the [[Maya city|Preclassic Maya]], the [[Zapotec civilization|Zapotec]] of Oaxaca, and [[Teotihuacan]] in central Mexico. Later cultures such as the [[Aztec]], [[Andean civilization]], [[Maya peoples|Mayan]], [[Mississippian culture|Mississippians]], and [[Pueblo]] peoples drew on these earlier urban traditions. Many of their ancient cities continue to be inhabited, including major metropolitan cities such as [[Mexico City]], in the same location as [[Tenochtitlan]]; while ancient continuously inhabited Pueblos are near modern urban areas in [[New Mexico]], such as [[Acoma Pueblo]] near the [[Albuquerque metropolitan area]] and [[Taos Pueblo]] near [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]]; while others like [[Lima]] are located nearby ancient [[Peru]]vian sites such as [[Pachacamac]].
Mesoamerika melihat kebangkitan urbanisme awal di beberapa wilayah budaya, dimulai dengan [[Olmek]] dan menyebar ke [[Maya Praklasik]], [[Suku Zapotek|Zapotek]] dari [[Oaxaca (negara bagian)|Oaxaca]], dan [[Teotihuacan]] di [[Meksiko]] tengah. Budaya selanjutnya seperti peradaban [[Aztek]], Andean, Maya, [[Mississippian (geologi)|Mississippian]], dan [[Pueblo]] menggunakan tradisi urban awal ini. Banyak dari kota kuno mereka terus dihuni, termasuk kota [[metropolitan]] besar seperti [[Kota Meksiko|Mexico City]], di lokasi yang sama [[Tenochtitlán|Tenochtitlan]]; sementara [[Taos Pueblo]] kuno yang terus dihuni berada di dekat daerah perkotaan modern di [[New Mexico]], seperti Acoma Pueblo dekat daerah metropolitan [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] dan [[Taos Pueblo]] di dekat [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]]; sementara yang lain seperti [[Lima, Peru|Lima]] terletak di dekat situs [[Peru]] kuno seperti [[Pachacamac]].
[[Jenné-Jeno]], located in present-day Mali and dating to the third century BC, lacked monumental architecture and a distinctive elite social class—but nevertheless had specialized production and relations with a hinterland.<ref>McIntosh, Roderic J., McIntosh, Susan Keech. "Early Urban Configurations on the Middle Niger: Clustered Cities and Landscapes of Power," Chapter 5.</ref> Pre-Arabic trade contacts probably existed between Jenné-Jeno and North Africa.<ref name="Magnavita">{{cite journal|last=Magnavita|first=Sonja|title=Initial Encounters: Seeking traces of ancient trade connections between West Africa and the wider world|url=http://afriques.revues.org/1145?lang=en|journal=Afriques|issue=4|year=2013|access-date=13 December 2013|doi=10.4000/afriques.1145|doi-access=free|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215165228/http://afriques.revues.org/1145?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Other early urban centers in sub-Saharan Africa, dated to around 500 AD, include Awdaghust, Kumbi-Saleh the ancient capital of Ghana, and Maranda a center located on a trade route between Egypt and Gao.<ref>''[http://markuswiener.com/book_reviews.html?products_id=93&products_name=History%20of%20African%20Cities%20South%20of%20the%20Sahara History of African Cities South of the Sahara] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124191535/http://markuswiener.com/book_reviews.html?products_id=93&products_name=History%20of%20African%20Cities%20South%20of%20the%20Sahara |date=24 January 2008 }}'' By Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch. 2005. {{ISBN|1-55876-303-1}}</ref> ▼
▲[[Jenné-Jeno ]], locatedterletak in present-daydi [[Mali ]] andsaat datingini todan theberasal thirddari centuryabad BCketiga SM, lackedtidak monumentalmemiliki architecturearsitektur andmonumental adan distinctivekelas elitesosial socialelit class—butyang neverthelesskhas—namun haddemikian specializedmemiliki productionproduksi andkhusus relationsdan withhubungan adengan hinterlandpedalaman.<ref>McIntosh, Roderic J., McIntosh, Susan Keech. "Early Urban Configurations on the Middle Niger: Clustered Cities and Landscapes of Power," Chapter 5.</ref> Pre-ArabicKontak tradeperdagangan contactspra-[[Bangsa probablyArab|Arab]] existedmungkin betweenada antara Jenné-Jeno anddan North[[Afrika AfricaUtara]].<ref name="Magnavita">{{cite journal|last=Magnavita|first=Sonja|title=Initial Encounters: Seeking traces of ancient trade connections between West Africa and the wider world|url=http://afriques.revues.org/1145?lang=en|journal=Afriques|issue=4|year=2013|access-date=13 December 2013|doi=10.4000/afriques.1145|doi-access=free|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215165228/http://afriques.revues.org/1145?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> OtherPusat earlyperkotaan urbanawal centerslainnya indi sub[[Afrika Sub- SaharanSahara|Afrika Africasub-Sahara]], datedbertanggal to aroundsekitar 500 ADM, includetermasuk Awdaghust, [[Kumbi Saleh|Kumbi-Saleh ]] theibu ancientkota capital ofkuno [[Ghana ]], anddan Maranda asebuah centerpusat locatedyang onterletak adi tradejalur routeperdagangan betweenantara Egypt[[Mesir]] anddan Gao.<ref>''[http://markuswiener.com/book_reviews.html?products_id=93&products_name=History%20of%20African%20Cities%20South%20of%20the%20Sahara History of African Cities South of the Sahara] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124191535/http://markuswiener.com/book_reviews.html?products_id=93&products_name=History%20of%20African%20Cities%20South%20of%20the%20Sahara |date=24 January 2008 }}'' By Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch. 2005. {{ISBN|1-55876-303-1}}</ref>
===Middle Ages===
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