Kebangkitan dunia Arab: Perbedaan antara revisi

== Pengenalan ==

Serangkaian protes dan demonstrasi di seluruh [[Timur Tengah]] dan [[Afrika Utara]] telah dikenal luas dengan sebutan "''The Arab Spring''",<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12339521|title= Egypt protests: an Arab spring as old order crumbles|publisher=BBC|date=2 February 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Roger|last= Hardy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2011/mar/08/arab-145spring-a-chance-for-us-to-rewrite-former/|title= Arab 'spring' a chance for U.S. to rewrite relationships|publisher= [[San Angelo Standard-Times]]|date= 8 March 2011|accessdate= 9 March 2011|first= Kate|last= Smith|archive-date= 2011-07-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110711113021/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2011/mar/08/arab-145spring-a-chance-for-us-to-rewrite-former/|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/moisi62/English|title= An Arab Spring?|publisher=Project Syndicate|date=26 January 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Dominique|last= Moisi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thenation.com/article/158991/arab-spring|title= http://www.thenation.com/article/158991/arab-spring|publisher=[[The Nation]]|date=3 March 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Rashid|last= Khalidi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/06/arab-spring-european-reply-labour|title= The Arab spring requires a defiantly European reply|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=6 March 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Jackie|last= Ashley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/03/arab_spring|title= Arab Spring – Who lost Egypt?|work=The Economist|date=1 March 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011}}

 

{{As of|2011|07}}, unjuk rasa ini telah mengakibatkan penggulingan dua kepala negara, yaitu Presiden Tunisia [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] yang kabur ke Arab Saudi tanggal 14 Januari setelah protes [[revolusi Tunisia]], dan di Mesir, [[Presiden Mesir|Presiden]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] mengundurkan diri pada 11 Februari 2011, setelah 18 hari protes massal dan mengakhiri masa kepemimpinannya selama 30 tahun. Selama periode kerusuhan regional ini, beberapa pemimpin negara mengumumkan keinginannya untuk tidak mencalonkan diri lagi setelah masa jabatannya berakhir. Presiden [[Sudan]] [[Omar al-Bashir]] mengumumkan ia tidak akan mencalonkan diri lagi pada 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=417637&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17|title=Party: Bashir is not standing for re-election|agency=Gulf Times|date=22 February 2011|accessdate=22 February 2011}}</ref> begitu pula Perdana Menteri [[Irak]] [[Nouri al-Maliki]], yang masa jabatannya berakhir tahun 2014,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/02/05/43000042.html|title=Iraq PM plans no re-election|agency=[[Suara Rusia]]|date=5 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011|archive-date=2012-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111044547/http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/02/05/43000042.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> meski unjuk rasa semakin menjadi-jadi menuntut pengunduran dirinya sesegera mungkin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.alsumaria.tv/en/Iraq-News/1-60907-.html|title=Iraq angered protesters call for Maliki resignation|agency=Alsumaria|date=26 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011|archive-date=2011-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925071202/http://www.alsumaria.tv/en/Iraq-News/1-60907-.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Protes di Yordania juga mengakibatkan pengunduran diri pemerintah<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-01/30/c_13712927.htm|title=Jordanians stage anti-gov't sit-in in Amman|publisher=Xinhua|date=30 January 2011|accessdate=13 April 2011}}</ref> sehingga mantan Perdana Menteri and Duta Besar Yordania untuk [[Israel]] [[Marouf al-Bakhit]] ditunjuk sebagai Perdana Menteri oleh [[Abdullah II dari Yordania|Raja Abdullah]] dan ditugaskan membentuk pemerintahan baru.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/01/jordan-government-idUSLDE7101C620110201|title=Jordan king appoints new PM, government quits|publisher=Reuters|date=1 February 2011|accessdate=2 February 2011|archive-date=2011-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204083047/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/01/jordan-government-idUSLDE7101C620110201|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pemimpin lain, Presiden [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] dari Yaman, mengumumkan pada 23 April bahwa ia akan mengundurkan diri dalam waktu 30 hari dengan imbalan kekebalan hukum,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/world/middleeast/24yemen.html?src=tptw|title=President of Yemen Offers to Resign for Immunity|publisher=The New York Times|date=23 April 2011|accessdate=24 April 2011|first=Robert F.|last=Worth}}</ref> sebuah persetujuan yang diterima oposisi Yaman secara tidak formal pada 26 April;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704677404576285473691028908.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|agency=The Wall Street Journal|date=26 April 2011|accessdate=27 April 2011|title=Yemen Protesters Accept Deal|first=Hakim|last=Almasmari}}</ref> Saleh kemudian mengingkari persetujuan ini dan semakin memperpanjang pemberontakan di Yaman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-01/yemen-accord-signing-has-been-postponed-gulf-official-says-2-.html|date=2 May 2011|accessdate=5 May 2011|title=Yemen Accord Signing Has Been Postponed, Gulf Official Says|first=Donna|last=Abu-Nasr|agency=Bloomberg}}</ref> Pemimpin [[Libya]] [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] menolak mengundurkan diri dan mengakibatkan [[perang saudara Libya 2011|perang saudara]] antara [[Libya dalam pemerintahan Gaddafi|pihak loyalis]] dan [[pasukan anti-Gaddafi|pemberontak]] yang berbasis di [[Benghazi]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=The Times of India|title=Libyan govt says Gaddafi won't step down|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-05/middle-east/29384120_1_mussa-ibrahim-muammar-gaddafi-brega|date=5 April 2011|accessdate=5 May 2011|work=The Times Of India|archive-date=2012-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301225926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-05/middle-east/29384120_1_mussa-ibrahim-muammar-gaddafi-brega|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

{{*}} Tanggal 4 Juni, Presiden [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] terluka dalam serangan terhadap masjid di tempat perlindungannya di ibu kota Yaman, [[Sana'a]], menyebabkan ia dan 35 anggota keluarganya, termasuk istrinya, serta Perdana Menteri dan Juru Bicara Parlemen Yaman, meninggalkan Yaman ke Arab Saudi. Hingga 20 Agustus, Saleh belum kembali ke Yaman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13658445|title=Yemenis rejoice as Saleh leaves but fighting continues|publisher=BBC News|date=5 June 2011|accessdate=5 June 2011}}</ref><br />

{{*}} Wakil Presiden [[Abd al-Rahman Mansur al-Hadi]] menjabat sebagai Presiden Petahana pada 4 Juni 2011.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/04/abd-rabbu-mansour-hadi-yemen-vice-president_n_871400.html], Huffington Post, 4 June 2011.]</ref>

! style="color:#fff; background:#004a80;"|[[Pemberontakan Yaman 2011|<span style="color:white;">Mengalami kerusuhan sipil dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]

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{{*}}Pembubaran menteri;<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail/167162.html Bahrain sacks ministers amid protests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301061141/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/167162.html |date=2011-03-01 }}, Press TV, 26 February 2011.</ref><br />

{{*}}Intervensi [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|GCC]] atas permintaan [[Pemerintah Bahrain]]

! style="color:#fff; background:#004a80;"|[[Pemberontakan Bahrain 2011|<span style="color:white;">Mengalami kerusuhan sipil dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]

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{{*}}Pembentukan [[Angkatan Darat Suriah Bebas|Pasukan Bebas]]; <br />

{{*}}Keangotaan Suriah di [[Liga Arab]] dihentikan sementara.

! style="color:#fff; background:#004a80;"|[[Pemberontakan Suriah 2011|<span style="color:white;">Mengalami kerusuhan sipil dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]

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