Masjid jami: Perbedaan antara revisi
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*{{Cite book|last=Bearman|first=Peri|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199739356|editor-last=Emad El-Din|editor-first=Shahin|location=|chapter=Masjid Jāmiʿ|quote=The Friday prayer (''ṣalāt al-jumʿa''), which is mandatory for every adult male Muslim (Shiite Islam makes an exception if no Imam is present), came to be conducted in a large, congregational mosque, known as the ''masjid jāmiʿ'' (< Ar. ''jamaʿa'' “to assemble”), or Friday mosque. In the early Islamic period, only one Friday mosque in a community was permitted, since the address to the congregation was to be conducted by the ruler of that community. With the growth of the Muslim population, however, this became increasingly untenable.}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Canby|first1=Sheila R.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPrjCwAAQBAJ&dq=ulu+cami+glossary&pg=PA356|title=Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs|last2=Beyazit|first2=Deniz|last3=Rugiadi|first3=Martina|last4=Peacock|first4=A. C. S.|date=2016-04-27|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-589-4|language=en|chapter=Glossary|quote=''masjid-i jami'' (Turkish, '''Ulu Cami''') Congregational mosque where the male Muslim community performs the Friday prayer, during which the khutba is pronounced; also known as a Great Mosque or a Friday Mosque.}}
*{{Cite book|last=Petersen|first=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=9781134613663|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/131 131]|chapter=jami or jami masjid|quote=A congregational mosque which can be used by all the community for Friday prayers.}}
*{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195305135|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|location=|pages=|chapter=Mosque|quote=''Jāmiʿ'' is a designation for the congregational mosque dedicated to Friday communal prayer; in modern times it is used interchangeably with ''masjid''.}}
*{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|publisher=Brill|year=|editor-last=Fleet|editor-first=Kate|location=|pages=|chapter=Friday prayer|issn=1873-9830|quote=All schools but the Ḥanbalīs require that Friday prayers be held in a physical edifice; the Ḥanbalīs hold that they can be performed in a tent or in the open country. The schools of law differ on the number of participants required to constitute a valid congregation for Friday prayers: the Shāfiʿīs and Ḥanbalīs require forty, the Mālikīs twelve, and the Ḥanafīs only two or three praying behind the imām (in each case, counting only persons obligated to perform the prayer). Such limitations had significant practical repercussions, as when the Ḥanafī authorities of Bukhārā prevented the performance of Friday congregational prayers at a congregational mosque (''jāmiʿ'') erected in a substantial community in the region in the fifth/eleventh century and ultimately razed the building (Wheatley, 235). Shāfiʿīs further required that Friday prayers be held at only one place in each settlement. Until the fourth/tenth century, the number of Friday mosques (designated congregational mosques with a pulpit) was severely limited, even in major metropolitan centres; in later centuries, Friday mosques proliferated to accommodate the needs of urban populations (Wheatley, 234–5).|editor-last2=Krämer|editor-first2=Gudrun|editor-last3=Matringe|editor-first3=Denis|editor-last4=Nawas|editor-first4=John|editor-last5=Rowson|editor-first5=Everett}}
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Sejak periode awal [[Islam]], ada perbedaan fungsional antara [[masjid]] pusat besar yang dibangun dan dikendalikan oleh negara serta masjid lokal kecil yang dibangun dan dipelihara oleh [[Masyarakat|masyarakat umum]].<ref name=":242">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195305135|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|location=|pages=|chapter=Mosque}}</ref> Pada tahun-tahun awal Islam, di bawah [[kekhalifahan Rasyidin]] dan banyak dari [[Kekhalifahan Umayyah|kekhalifahan Bani Umayyah]], setiap kota umumnya hanya memiliki satu masjid Jami tempat [[salat Jumat]] diadakan, sementara masjid-masjid yang lebih kecil untuk salat rutin dibangun di lingkungan setempat.
Bahkan di beberapa bagian dunia Islam seperti di [[Mesir]], [[salat Jumat]] awalnya tidak diizinkan di desa-desa dan di daerah lain di luar kota utama tempat masjid Jami berdiri.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill|year=2012|isbn=|editor-last=Bearman|editor-first=P.|location=|pages=|chapter=Masd̲j̲id|editor-last2=Bianquis|editor-first2=Th.|editor-last3=Bosworth|editor-first3=C.E.|editor-last4=van Donzel|editor-first4=E.|editor-last5=Heinrichs|editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref> Penguasa atau [[gubernur]] kota biasanya membangun tempat tinggalnya (''dar al-imara'') bersebelahan dengan masjid Jami, dan pada masa awal ini para penguasa juga menyampaikan ''[[Khotbah (Islam)|khutbah]]'' pada saat salat jumat.<ref name=":242" /><ref name=":2422">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195305135|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|location=|pages=|chapter=Khuṭbah}}</ref> Praktik ini diwarisi dari teladan [[Muhammad]] dan diteruskan kepada para [[khalifah]] setelahnya. Di provinsi-provinsi, gubernur setempat yang memerintah atas nama khalifah diharapkan menyampaikan ''khutbah'' untuk komunitas lokal merata.<ref name=":2422" /> [[Mimbar]], sejenis fitur tempat ''khutbah'' yang secara [[Tradisi|tradisional]] diberikan, juga menjadi fitur standar masjid Jami pada awal [[Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah|periode Abbasiyah]] (akhir abad kedelapan).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Petersen|first=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|pages=
[[File:Damascus Umayyad Mosque interior mihrab area 8028 (retouched).jpg|thumb|Area ''[[mihrab]]'' [[Masjid Agung Umayyah|Masjid Umayyah]] di [[Damaskus]] hari ini, dengan [[mimbar]] di sebelah kanan]]
Di abad-abad berikutnya, ketika dunia [[Islam]] semakin terbagi antara negara-negara politik yang berbeda, ketika populasi [[Muslim]] dan kota-kota tumbuh, dan ketika penguasa baru ingin meninggalkan tanda perlindungan mereka, menjadi umum untuk memiliki banyak masjid Jami di kota yang sama.<ref name=":242" /><ref name=":052" /> Misalnya, [[Fustat]], pendahulu [[Kairo]] modern, didirikan pada abad ketujuh dengan hanya satu masjid Jami ([[Masjid Amru bin Ash]]).
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