Super raksasa merah: Perbedaan antara revisi

Super raksasa merah adalah [[bintang populasi I]] yang sangat masif, berevolusi, terbakar, dan ekstrem dengan kisaran massa antara 10 dan 30 [[massa matahari]]. Super raksasa merah terlihat merah karena suhu permukaannya yang rendah. Mereka berkisar dari 3.500 - 4.500 Kelvin (tipe akhir spektrum [[Bintang tipe-K|K]] hingga [[Bintang tipe-M|M]]), radius sangat besar hingga 1.500 jari-jari matahari, dan luminositas sekitar 2.000 - 30.000 L.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Taylor|first2=Dorothea|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Aliiroseovarius crassostreae (Boettcher et al. 2005) Park et al. 2015, Pseudoroseovarius crassostreae (Boettcher et al. 2005) Sun et al. 2015 pro synon. Aliiroseovarius crassostreae (Boettcher et al. 2005) Park et al. 2015 and Roseovarius crassostreae Boettcher et al. 2005.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.9525|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Garrity|first3=George M}}</ref><ref name="Massey 427">{{Cite journal|last=Massey|first=Douglas S.|date=1996-11|title=Response to Danziger, Farley, and Hout et al|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061777|journal=Demography|volume=33|issue=4|pages=427|doi=10.2307/2061777|issn=0070-3370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Garrity|first2=George M|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Mycoplasma haemobos (sic) Tagawa et al. 2008, Mycoplasma haematobovis corrig. Tagawa et al. 2008, Eperythrozoon haemobos (sic) (Tagawa et al. 2008) Gupta et al. 2018 and Eperythrozoon haematobovis corrig. (Tagawa et al. 2008) Gupta et al. 2018.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.32048|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lévesque|first=Céline M.|date=2010-03|title=CÉLINE M. LÉVESQUE, BSC, MSC, PHD, Canada Research Chair in Oral Microbial Genetics, Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.0283_7.x|journal=Endodontic Topics|volume=22|issue=1|pages=130–130|doi=10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.0283_7.x|issn=1601-1538}}</ref> Menurut [[hukum Wien]], warna di mana sebuah bintang terpancar paling kuat berkaitan langsung dengan suhu permukaannya. Jadi, sementara inti mereka sangat panas, energi menyebar ke bagian dalam dan permukaan bintang dan semakin luas permukaan, semakin cepat ia dapat mendingin. Contoh bagus dari super raksasa merah adalah Betelgeuse, di rasi bintang [[Orion]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/red-supergiant-stars-3073597|title=Red Supergiants: Big, Hot, and Heading for Star Death|last=Ph. D.|first=Physics and Astronomy|last2=B. S.|first2=Physics|website=ThoughtCo|language=en|access-date=2020-08-04}}</ref>

Sebagian besar bintang jenis ini adalah antara 200 dan 800 kali jari-jari Matahari kita. Bintang-bintang terbesar di galaksi kita, semuanya super raksasa merah, berukuran sekitar 1.500 kali ukuran bintang rumah kita. Jari-jari yang sangat besar menjadikannya salah satu kelas bintang terbesar di [[alam semesta]] dalam hal ukuran fisik, meskipun bukan bintang yang paling bercahaya atau paling masif. Karena ukuran dan massa yang sangat besar, gravitasinya tidak cukup kuat untuk menahan materi di lapisan luar, yang menimbulkan [[laju kehilangan massa]] (MLR) yang besar dalam urutan besarnya sekitar 10-6 hingga 10-4 massa matahari tahun -1. Angin kencang ini menciptakan lapisan tebal berdebu yang membuatnya sangat sulit untuk menentukan parameter fisiknya.<ref name="Massey 427"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Taylor|first2=Dorothea|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Paralactobacillus selangorensis Leisner et al. 2000 non Paralactobacillus selangorensis Zheng et al. 2020, Lactobacillus selangorensis (Leisner et al. 2000) Haakensen et al. 2011 and Paralactobacillus selangorensis (Leisner et al. 2000) Zheng et al. 2020 non Paralactobacillus selangorensis Leisner et al. 2000.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.5448|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Garrity|first3=George M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|lastname=Massey|first=Douglas S.|date=1996-11|title=Response to Danziger, Farley, and Hout et al|url=http://"dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061777|journal=Demography|volume=33|issue=4|pages=427|doi=10.2307/2061777|issn=0070-3370}}</ref><ref">{{Cite web|title=Supplementary file 1. Previous proteomic studies of HIV-infected cells.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.18296.027|website=dx.doi.org|access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yoon|first=Sung-Chul|last2=Cantiello|first2=Matteo|date=2010-06-16|title=EVOLUTION OF MASSIVE STARS WITH PULSATION-DRIVEN SUPERWINDS DURING THE RED SUPERGIANT PHASE|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/717/1/l62|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=717|issue=1|pages=L62–L65|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/717/1/l62|issn=2041-8205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Figure 1: Systems design schematics from: (A) Son et al. (2010); (B) Lau et al. (2010); (C) Fujiwara et al. (2011); and (D) Gjerlufsen et al. (2011).|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerjcs.88/fig-1|website=dx.doi.org|access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref> Akibatnya, mereka membakar bahan bakar nuklir dengan sangat cepat dan sebagian besar hanya hidup beberapa puluh juta tahun (usia mereka tergantung massa aktual mereka).<ref name=":2" />

Selain itu, RSG telah lama dikenal karena variasi cahaya [[Variabel semi-reguler|semi-reguler]] yang tidak teratur pada skala waktu minggu, bulan, tahun, ini bahkan dapat diamati dengan mata telanjang,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Movies from numerical simulations of red supergiant (st35gm04n26)|url=https://www.astro.uu.se/~bf/movie/dst35gm04n26/movie.html|website=www.astro.uu.se|access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref> sebagai kelas SRc dalam [[Katalog Umum Bintang Variabel]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kazarovets|first=Elena V.|last2=Sarraus|first2=Nikolai N.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60057-4_323|title=Flares and Flashes|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-540-60057-2|pages=416–418}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Taylor|first2=Dorothea|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Campylobacter pylori pylori Fox et al. 1988, Helicobacter pylori (Fox et al. 1988) Goodwin et al. 1989, Campylobacter pyloridis (sic) (Fox et al. 1988) Marshall et al. 1985 emend. Fox et al. 1989 and Campylobacter pylori corrig. (Fox et al. 1988) Marshall et al. 1985 emend. Fox et al. 1989.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.3809|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Garrity|first3=George M}}</ref> yang kemudian disebabkan oleh radial. Denyut dalam model nada dasar, pertama, atau bahkan mungkin nada tambahan kedua.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stothers|first=Richard|date=1969-03|title=Red Supergiants and Neutrino Emission|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/149923|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=155|pages=935|doi=10.1086/149923|issn=0004-637X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wood|first=John R. I.|last2=Muñoz-Rodríguez|first2=Pablo|date=2020-03-16|title=Figure 2 from: Wood JR.I, Muñoz-Rodríguez P, Williams BR.M, Scotland RW (2020) A foundation monograph of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the New World. PhytoKeys 143: 1-823. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.143.32821|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.143.32821.figure2|website=dx.doi.org|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Williams|first3=Bethany R. M.|last4=Scotland|first4=Robert W.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Taylor|first2=Dorothea|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Geobacillus thermoglucosidans corrig. (Suzuki et al. 1984) Nazina et al. 2001 emend. Coorevits et al. 2012, Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius (sic) (Suzuki et al. 1984) Nazina et al. 2001 emend. Coorevits et al. 2012, Bacillus thermoglucosidasius Suzuki et al. 1984 and Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius (Suzuki et al. 1984) Aliyu et al. 2019.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.4995|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Garrity|first3=George M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giuliani|first=Derham|last2=Schaller|first2=Adolf|date=1990-03-24|title=Rainbow Phenomena|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3974506|journal=Science News|volume=137|issue=12|pages=179|doi=10.2307/3974506|issn=0036-8423}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li Gong|last2=Shacham|first2=N.|title=Elements of trusted multicasting|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnp.1994.344380|journal=Proceedings of ICNP - 1994 International Conference on Network Protocols|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc. Press|doi=10.1109/icnp.1994.344380|isbn=0-8186-6685-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Taylor|first2=Dorothea|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Novosphingobium aromaticivorum (sic) (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997, Novosphingobium aromaticivorans corrig. (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997 and Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.1172|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Garrity|first3=George M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bono|first=Giuseppe|last2=Panagia|first2=Nino|date=2000|title=On the Pulsation Properties of Red Supergiant Variables|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100057250|journal=International Astronomical Union Colloquium|volume=176|pages=105–108|doi=10.1017/s0252921100057250|issn=0252-9211}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pearson|first=Richard|last2=Min|first2=Li|last3=Guo|first3=Li|date=2002|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1014881309593|journal=International Journal of Historical Archaeology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=23–59|doi=10.1023/a:1014881309593|issn=1092-7697}}</ref> Selain itu, mereka juga menunjukkan variasi jangka panjang yang tidak bisa dijelaskan dengan durasi 4000 hari atau lebih yang dikenal sebagai fenomena [[periode panjang kedua]] (LSP).<ref>{{Cite book|last=STOTHERS|first=J.B.|date=1972|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-672950-4.50004-2|title=Organic Chemistry|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-672950-4|pages=ix–xi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Mannor|first2=Kara|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Hungateiclostridium alkalicellulosi (Zhilina et al. 2006) Zhang et al. 2018, Ruminiclostridium alkalicellulosi (Zhilina et al. 2006) Yutin and Galperin 2013, Acetivibrio alkalicellulosi (Zhilina et al. 2006) Tindall 2019, Clostridium alkalicellulosi corrig. Zhilina et al. 2006 and Clostridium alkalicellum (sic) Zhilina et al. 2006.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.10071|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Garrity|first3=George M}}</ref><ref name="Messina 958">{{Cite journal|last=Messina|first=Mark|date=2007-09|title=Letter to the Editor|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31812e5258|journal=Menopause|volume=14|issue=5|pages=958|doi=10.1097/gme.0b013e31812e5258|issn=1072-3714}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dawkins|first=Wayne|date=2009-02-09|title=Julian, Percy|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.45789|journal=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Hingga saat ini, mekanisme LSP masih belum jelas. Biner berdenyut, [[konveksi sel]], dan model titik panas permukaan telah dipelajari tetapi tidak satupun dari mereka yang sepenuhnya sesuai dengan semua pengamatan dan ekspetasi teoretis.<ref name="dx.doi.org"/><ref name="Messina 958"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Taylor|first2=Dorothea|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Rhizomonas suberifaciens van Bruggen et al. 1990, Rhizorhapis suberifaciens (van Bruggen et al. 1990) Francis et al. 2014, Sphingobium suberifaciens (van Bruggen et al. 1990) Chen et al. 2013 and Sphingomonas suberifaciens (van Bruggen et al. 1990) Yabuuchi et al. 1999.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.1231|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Garrity|first3=George M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Golder N.|date=1992-09-15|title=Reply to Dr. Carmi et al|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320440229|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=44|issue=2|pages=248–249|doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320440229|issn=0148-7299}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Taylor|first2=Dorothea|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Novosphingobium aromaticivorum (sic) (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997, Novosphingobium aromaticivorans corrig. (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997 and Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.1172|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Garrity|first3=George M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Groenewegen|first=Henk J.|last2=Witter|first2=Menno P.|date=2004|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012547638-6/50018-3|title=The Rat Nervous System|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-547638-6|pages=407–453}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wood|first=John R. I.|last2=Muñoz-Rodríguez|first2=Pablo|date=2020-03-16|title=Figure 2 from: Wood JR.I, Muñoz-Rodríguez P, Williams BR.M, Scotland RW (2020) A foundation monograph of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the New World. PhytoKeys 143: 1-823. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.143.32821|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.143.32821.figure2|website=dx.doi.org|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Williams|first3=Bethany R. M.|last4=Scotland|first4=Robert W.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Messina|first=Mark|date=2007-09|title=Letter to the Editor|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31812e5258|journal=Menopause|volume=14|issue=5|pages=958|doi=10.1097/gme.0b013e31812e5258|issn=1072-3714}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Supplementary file 1. Previous proteomic studies of HIV-infected cells.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.18296.027|website=dx.doi.org|access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Garrity|first2=George M|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Pseudonocardia yuanmoensis (sic) Nie et al. 2012 and Pseudonocardia yuanmonensis corrig. Nie et al. 2012.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.23305|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=McGregor|first=Colin|last2=Nimmo|first2=Jonathan|last3=Stothers|first3=Wilson|date=2010|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857092243.1|title=Fundamentals of University Mathematics|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-85709-223-6|pages=1–27}}</ref> Selain variasi semi-reguler jangka pendek dan LSP, RSG menyajikan variasi fotometri yang tidak teratur yang merupakan fitur kelas Lc. Hal ini dapat dijelaskan oleh konvektif sel besar di permukaan bintang yang telah terbukti ada dengan beberapa simulasi baru-baru ini.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1975-10|title=Absorption and defocusing of electromagnetic radiation by a Schwarzschild black hole|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4916(75)90176-1|journal=Annals of Physics|volume=94|issue=2|pages=417|doi=10.1016/0003-4916(75)90176-1|issn=0003-4916}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Taylor|first2=Dorothea|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Geobacillus thermoglucosidans corrig. (Suzuki et al. 1984) Nazina et al. 2001 emend. Coorevits et al. 2012, Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius (sic) (Suzuki et al. 1984) Nazina et al. 2001 emend. Coorevits et al. 2012, Bacillus thermoglucosidasius Suzuki et al. 1984 and Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius (Suzuki et al. 1984) Aliyu et al. 2019.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.4995|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Garrity|first3=George M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Charles Thomas|last2=Mannor|first2=Kara|date=2003-01-01|title=Exemplar Abstract for Hungateiclostridium alkalicellulosi (Zhilina et al. 2006) Zhang et al. 2018, Ruminiclostridium alkalicellulosi (Zhilina et al. 2006) Yutin and Galperin 2013, Acetivibrio alkalicellulosi (Zhilina et al. 2006) Tindall 2019, Clostridium alkalicellulosi corrig. Zhilina et al. 2006 and Clostridium alkalicellum (sic) Zhilina et al. 2006.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/ex.10071|website=The NamesforLife Abstracts|access-date=2020-11-21|last3=Garrity|first3=George M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Figure 1: Systems design schematics from: (A) Son et al. (2010); (B) Lau et al. (2010); (C) Fujiwara et al. (2011); and (D) Gjerlufsen et al. (2011).|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerjcs.88/fig-1|website=dx.doi.org|access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=David Arnett|first=W.|last2=Meakin|first2=Casey|date=2011-10-12|title=TURBULENT CELLS IN STARS: FLUCTUATIONS IN KINETIC ENERGY AND LUMINOSITY|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/741/1/33|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=741|issue=1|pages=33|doi=10.1088/0004-637x/741/1/33|issn=0004-637X}}</ref>

Sejumlah energi mendorong lapisan luar bintang ke luar dan berubah menjadi super raksasa merah. Pada tahap ini, gravitasi bintang sekali lagi diimbangi oleh tekanan radiasi luar yang sangat besar yang disebabkan oleh fusi helium intens yang terjadi di inti.