Surah An-Nisa’: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 67:
Dalam bukunya yang berjudul ''Qur'an and Woman,'' [[Amina Wadud]] menempatkan pendekatan tafsir Al-Quran ke dalam tiga kategori: tradisional, reaktif, dan holistik.<ref>Wadud, Amina. Qur'an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Texts from a Woman's Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print. 1.</ref> Jenis penafsiran yang diterapkan pada surah ini mempengaruhi cara pandang seseorang terhadap peran perempuan dalam masyarakat muslim. Mengambil pendekatan ketiga, pendekatan holistik memungkinkan pembacaan Alquran secara feminis,<ref>Wadud, Amina. Qur'an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Texts from a Woman's Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print. 3.</ref> yang secara khusus relevan dengan an-Nisā dan dapat membentuk kembali pemahaman tentang surah ini.
== Asbabunnuzul ==
=== Hukum nikah dan perbudakan ===
{{main|Pernikahan dalam Islam|Poligini dalam Islam|Ma malakat aimanukum}}{{blockquote|Dan jika kamu khawatir tidak akan mampu berlaku adil terhadap (hak-hak) perempuan yatim (bilamana kamu menikahinya), maka nikahilah perempuan (lain) yang kamu senangi: dua, tiga atau empat. Tetapi jika kamu khawatir tidak akan mampu berlaku adil, maka (nikahilah) seorang saja, atau hamba sahaya perempuan yang kamu miliki. Yang demikian itu lebih dekat agar kamu tidak berbuat zalim.|{{cite quran|4|3|style=inline}}}}
[[Ibnu Katsir]] berkata dalam tafsirnya sebagai berikut
{{blockquote|4:3 The Ayah commands, if you fear that you will not be able to do justice between your wives by marrying more than one, then marry only one wife, or satisfy yourself with only female captives.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>{{rp|4:3}}}}
[[Tafsir al-Jalalayn|Al-Jalalayn]], says:
{{blockquote|4:3 Each man may marry two or three or four but do not exceed this; but if you fear you will not be equitable towards them in terms of their expenses and individual share; then marry only one or restrict yourself to [[What your right hands possess|what your right hands own]] of slavegirls since these do not have the same rights as wives; thus by that marrying of only four or only one or resorting to slavegirls it is likelier it is nearer in outcome that you will not be unjust that you will not be inequitable.<ref name="Al-Jalalayn">{{cite web|url= https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=3&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 |title= The Tasfirs - Al-Jalalayn|author=Al-Jalalayn|author-link=Tafsir al-Jalalayn|date=2017 |work=Altafsir.com|access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref>}}
=== Zina ===
{{See also|Zina}}
In verses 4:15-16 the first, preliminary directives for the punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse are stated. The first verse deals with women. The punishment laid down was to confine them until further directives were revealed. The second verse (i.e. 16) relates to both sexes. The injunction lays down that they should be punished - that is, they should be beaten and publicly reproached. Later, another injunction was revealed see (Surah [[An-Nour]] Verse 24:2) which laid down that both the male and female should be given a hundred lashes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Towards Understanding the Quran|url=https://www.islamicstudies.info/tafheem.php?sura=4&verse=15&to=16|work=Islamic Foundation UK|access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref>
=== 22-23 Incest ===
{{Main|Mahram}}
Verses 4:22- 23 cover which classes of women within one's family with whom marriage or sexual intercourse would be considered [[haram]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Quran 4:22 Translation Yusuf Ali (Orig. 1938)|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/4/22/|work=Islam Awakened|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Quran 4:23 Translation Yusuf Ali (Orig. 1938)|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/4/23/|work=Islam Awakened|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>
These relationships and limitations are defined and elaborated on within [[Tafsir al-Jalalayn]].<ref>{{cite web|author=al-Jalalayn|author-link=Tafsir al-Jalalayn|title=The Tasfirs Verse 4:22|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=22&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2|work=altafsir.com|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=al-Jalalayn|author-link=Tafsir al-Jalalayn|title=The Tasfirs Verse 4:23|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=23&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2|work=altafsir.com|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>
=== 34 Men are the protectors and maintainers of women ===
{{Main article|An-Nisa, 34}}{{blockquote|4:34 Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has made one of them to excel the other, and because they spend (to support them) from their means. Therefore the righteous women are Qanitat and guard in the husband's absence what Allah orders them to guard. As to those women on whose part you see ill-conduct, admonish them, and abandon them in their beds, and beat them, but if they return to obedience, do not seek a means against them. Surely, Allah is Ever Most High, Most Great.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>{{rp|4:34}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quran.com/4/34|title = Surah An-Nisa - 34}}</ref>}}
There are a number of interpretations of the original Arabic 4:34.<ref>{{cite web|title=Surat Al Nisaa 4:34|url=http://tanzil.net/#4:34|work=Tanzil.net|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
''The Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' terms Verse 4:34 the Quran's least [[egalitarian]] verse.<ref>{{cite web|author=Martin, Richard C|date=2004|title=The Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World Vol 1|url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfIslamAndTheMuslimWorld_411|work=[[Gale (publisher)|Thomson Gale]]|page=267|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>
Some Muslims, such as [[Islamic feminism|Islamic feminist]] groups, argue that Muslim men use the text as an excuse for [[Islam and domestic violence|domestic violence]].<ref name="issue">{{cite news|last=Nomani|first=Asra Q.|date=October 22, 2006|title=Clothes Aren't the Issue|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/20/AR2006102001261.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922033032/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/20/AR2006102001261_2.html?noredirect=on|archive-date=2018-09-22|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== 48 Idolatry and polytheism ===
{{Main|Shirk (Islam)}}{{blockquote|4:48 Verily, Allah forgives not that partners should be set up with Him (in worship), but He forgives except that to whom He wills; and whoever sets up partners with Allah in worship, he has indeed invented a tremendous sin.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>{{rp|4:48}}}}
[[Tafsir]], [[Ibn Kathir]] says, "Verily, Allah forgives not that partners should be set up with Him (in worship), meaning, He does not forgive a servant if he meets Him while he is associating partners with Him".<ref name="Quran 4 U3" />{{rp|4:48}} The ''Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Qur'an'' says, "Polytheism is the worst form of sins and it is a barrier against the Divine forgiveness."<ref>{{cite web|title=An Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Qur'an vol. 4|url=https://www.al-islam.org/printpdf/book/export/html/29333|work=Al Islam.org|page=47|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
=== 59 Obedience Verse ===
{{Main|Obedience Verse}}{{blockquote|4:59 "O ye who believe! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger, and those charged with authority among you. If ye differ in anything among yourselves, refer it to Allah and His Messenger, if ye do believe in Allah and the Last Day: That is best, and most suitable for final determination.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>{{rp|4:59}}}}
=== 65 Verse ===
[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]], [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]], [[Ibn Majah]] and [[Al-Nasa'i|Nasa'i]] narrated a hadith transmitted by [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]], that believed by some scholars as the [[Asbab al-Nuzul]] (cause of revelation) of the [[Surah|Sura]] of An Nisa verse 65.{{sfn|bin Musa|2006}}<ref name="Zubayr Asbabun Nuzul 1">{{cite web|last1=Bukhari|first1=Muhammad|title=Sahih al-Bukhari » Distribution of Water - كتاب المساقاة » Hadith 2359|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2359|website=Sunnah.com|publisher=Sunnah.com|access-date=7 November 2021}}{{cite web|last1=Bukhari|first1=Muhammad|title=Sahih al-Bukhari » Distribution of Water - كتاب المساقاة » Hadith 2361|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2361|website=Sunnah.com|publisher=Sunnah.com|access-date=7 November 2021}}{{cite web|last1=Nasa'i|first1=Abū `Abd ar-Raḥmān Aḥmad ibn Shu`ayb ibn Alī ibn Sīnān|title=Sunan an-Nasa'i » The Book of the Etiquette of Judges - كتاب آداب القضاة » Hadith 5407|url=https://sunnah.com/nasai:5407|access-date=7 November 2021}}{{cite web|last1=Ibn Muslim|first1=Abū al-Ḥusayn ‘Asākir ad-Dīn Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj|title=Sahih Muslim » The Book of Virtues - كتاب الفضائل » Hadith 2357|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:2357|website=Sunnah.com|publisher=Sunnah.com|access-date=7 November 2021}}{{cite web|last1=Ibn Majah|first1=Abū ʻAbdillāh Muḥammad ibn Yazīd|title=Sunan Ibn Majah » The Book of the Sunnah - كتاب المقدمة » Hadith 15|url=https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:15|website=Sunnah.com|publisher=Sunnah.com|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> However, there are contemporary Fatwa that the revelation of this verse were attributed to az-Zubayr were weak, as the stronger Hadith which attributed to the revelation of this verse were instead attributed to the tradition of Umar, the second Rashidun Caliph<ref name="fatwa committee islamweb center">{{cite web|last1=Al-Faqeeh|first1=Abdullaah|date=2006|title=Fatwa of Quranic verse (4:65)|url=https://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/PrintFatwa.php?lang=E&Id=92293|website=Islamweb center|publisher=committee comprises a group of licentiate graduates from the Islamic University, Al-Imaam Muhammad Bin Sa’oud Islamic University in Saudi Arabia|format=Printed|access-date=28 November 2021}} [https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatawa/?tab=3 Fatwa center]</ref>
=== 69 Martyrs, and the righteous ===
[[Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib|Muhammad ibn Sulayman]] recorded that al-Sadiq relayed to his elderly father, Abu Muhammad ibn Sulayman, concerning the following verse: "And whoever obeys Allah and the Messenger - those will be with the ones upon whom Allah has bestowed favor of the prophets, the steadfast affirmers of truth, the martyrs and the righteous. And excellent are those as companions." (4:69) stating, "The Messenger of Allah in this verse is from ''of the prophets'', and we ([[Ahl al-Bayt]]) in this subject are ''the truthful and the martyrs'' and you all, (our followers), are the ''righteous'', so adopt this name."<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book|last1=al-Kulayni|first1=Muhammad ibn Ya‘qūb|date=2015|title=Al-Kafi|location=NY|publisher=Islamic Seminary Incorporated|isbn=9780991430864|edition=Volume 8}}</ref>
=== 74-76 Sword verses ===
{{main|Sword verses}}
According to Dipak Kutha, "much of the religious justification of violence against nonbelievers (Dar ul [[Kufr]]) by the promoters of jihad is based on the Quranic "sword verses"<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Dipak K.|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5S8tAyPuQwC&pg=PA232|title=Understanding terrorism and political violence: the life cycle of birth, growth, transformation, and demise|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780203930274|page=232}}</ref> (traditionally Muslims speak of "''the'' sword verse", singular, i.e. {{cite quran|9|5|s=r}}). {{cite quran|4|76|s=r}} contains passages that could be interpreted to endorse violence,<ref name="globalpolitician">{{cite web|last=Roy|first=Saberi|title=Islam, Islamic Fundamentalism and Islamic Terrorism|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/print.asp?id=3084|publisher=Globalpolitician|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015005435/http://www.globalpolitician.com/print.asp?id=3084|archive-date=15 October 2013|access-date=17 March 2012}}</ref>
According to [[Ibn Kathir]]:
{{blockquote|So fight those who trade the life of this world with the Hereafter, in the cause of Allah, and whoever fights in the cause of Allah, and is killed or gets victory, We shall bestow on him a great reward. And what is wrong with you that you fight not in the cause of Allah, and for those weak, ill-treated and oppressed among men, women, and children, whose cry is: "Our Lord! Rescue us from this town whose people are oppressors; and raise for us from You one who will protect, and raise for us from You one who will help who believe, fight in the cause of Allah, and those who disbelieve, fight in the cause of the [[Taghut]]. So fight against the friends of [[Shaytan]]; ever feeble indeed is the plot of Shaytan.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>{{rp|Verse 4.74 - 4:76}}}}
[[Tafsir]] [[Ibn Kathir]] says, "Therefore, the believers fight in obedience to Allah and to gain His pleasure, while the disbelievers fight in obedience to Shaytan. Allah then encourages the believers to fight His enemies".<ref name="Quran 4 U3" />{{rp|4.74 - 4:75}} Islam allows war in self-defense (Quran 22:39), to defend Islam (rather than to spread it), to protect those who have been removed from their homes by force because they are Muslims (Quran 22:40), and to protect the innocent who are being oppressed (Quran 4:75).
"Some Muslim thinkers in the past and some [[radical Muslims]] today . . . (say about Verse 4:76) . . . the so-called 'sword verses', have "[[Abrogation in Islam|abrogated]]" (revoked or annulled) the verses that permit warfare only in defense. They used these 'sword verses' to justify war against unbelievers as a tool of spreading Islam"."But the idea of a total and unrestricted conflict is completely unIslamic (as per other verses of the Quran)."<ref>{{cite web|title=Religions|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/war.shtml|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref>
=== 89-90 Kill them wherever you find them ===
{{blockquote|4:89 They wish that you reject faith, as they have rejected, and thus that you all become equal (like one another). So take not Awliya' from them, till they emigrate in the way of Allah. But if they turn back, take (hold of) them and kill them wherever you find them, and take neither Awliya' nor helpers from them.}}{{blockquote|4:90 Except those who join a group, between you and whom there is a treaty (of peace), or those who approach you with their breasts restraining from fighting you as well as fighting their own people. Had Allah willed, indeed He would have given them power over you, and they would have fought you. So, if they withdraw from you, and fight not against you, and offer you peace, then Allah has made no way for you against them.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>{{rp|4:89–90}}}}
Muhammad advises his companions to avoid taking these individuals as helpers or guardians.<ref name="Kulayni" /> Al-Awfi reported from Ibn Abbas, if they abandon [[Hijrah]], As-Suddi said that this part of the Ayah means, "If they make their disbelief public take (hold of) them and kill them wherever you find them, and take neither [[Awliya]] nor helpers from them". However, Ibn Kathir clarifies that non-combatants, those who are neutral or hesitant about fighting and those who offer you peace are not to be fought against.<ref name="Quran 4 U3" />
=== 116 Shirk ===
{{See also|Shirk (Islam)|l1=Shirk}}{{blockquote|4:116 God forgiveth not (The sin of) joining other gods with Him; but He forgiveth whom He pleaseth other sins than this: one who joins other gods with God, Hath strayed far, far away (from the right).''Translation [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] (Orig. 1938)''<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/4/116 |title=Quran 4:116 Translation Yusuf Ali (Orig. 1938) |work=Islam Awakened|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>}}
[[Tafsir]] [[Ibn Kathir]] says: "[[Shirk (Islam)|Shirk]] shall not be forgiven, in reality the idolators worship [[shaytan]]".<ref name="Quran 4 U3" />
=== 127-130 Female orphans, desertion by husband, and desirability of marital peace ===
These verses cover issues associated with female [[Orphans in Islam|orphans]]; desertion by the husband and the desirability of marital peace.<ref name="Quran 4 U3" />{{rp|4:127–130}}
=== 145 Hypocrites ===
In [[Kitab al-Kafi]], [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] writes a letter to his companions stressing the importance of obeying Allah, his Messenger, and the "Wali al Amr" (Progeny of Muhammad)- going so far as to say that those who disobey and deny their virtues are "liars and hypocrites". He asserts that these are the individuals described as "hypocrites" in the verse, "Indeed, the hypocrites will be in the lowest depths of the Fire - and never will you find for them a helper."
=== 157 Islamic view on Jesus' death ===
{{Main|Islamic views on Jesus' death}}{{blockquote|4:157 And because of their saying, "We killed Al-Masih `Isa, son of Maryam, the Messenger of Allah", but they killed him not, nor crucified him, but it appeared like that to them, and those who differ therein are full of doubts. They have no (certain) knowledge, they follow nothing but conjecture. For surely; they killed him not.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>{{rp|4:157}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quran.com/4/157|title = Surah An-Nisa - 157}}</ref>}}
An explanation of the Islamic view of Jesus as a prophet, rather than as the son of God as Christians claim, is given in [[Tafsir]] [[Ibn Kathir]].<ref name="Quran 4 U3" />{{rp|4:157}}
=== 171 Islamic view of the Trinity ===
{{Main|Islamic view of the Trinity}}{{blockquote|4:171 Allah is but one God. Exalted is He above having a son.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>{{rp|4:171}}}}
== Referensi ==
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