Jamaika: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jamaika adalah ekonomi campuran dengan perusahaan negara dan bisnis sektor swasta. Sektor utama ekonomi Jamaika meliputi pertanian, pertambangan, manufaktur, pariwisata, [[penyulingan minyak bumi]], jasa keuangan dan asuransi.<ref name="EBJ"/> Pariwisata dan pertambangan adalah penghasil [[devisa]] terbesar. Separuh ekonomi Jamaika bergantung pada jasa, dengan separuh pendapatannya berasal dari jasa seperti pariwisata. Diperkirakan 4,3 juta turis asing mengunjungi Jamaika setiap tahun.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Menurut [[Bank Dunia]], Jamaika adalah negara berpenghasilan menengah ke atas yang, rentan terhadap dampak perubahan iklim, banjir, dan angin topan; seperti tetangganya di Karibia.<ref name="Jamaica country"/> Pada tahun 2018, Jamaika mewakili [[Komunitas Karibia |CARICOM]] pada pertemuan tahunan [[G20]] dan [[G7]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20181201/elizabeth-morgan-jamaica-caricom-and-g20-summit |title=Ja/Caricom and the G20 Summit |publisher=Jamaica Gleaner newspaper |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042130/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20181201/elizabeth-morgan-jamaica-caricom-and-g20-summit |archive-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pada tahun 2019 Jamaika melaporkan tingkat pengangguran terendah dalam 50 tahun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jis.gov.jm/features/lowest-unemployment-in-50-years/|title=Lowest Unemployment in 50 Years|publisher=[[Jamaica Information Service]] (Government of Jamaica)|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112222/https://jis.gov.jm/features/lowest-unemployment-in-50-years/|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Didukung oleh lembaga keuangan multilateral, Jamaika, sejak awal 1980-an, berupaya menerapkan reformasi struktural yang bertujuan mendorong aktivitas sektor swasta dan meningkatkan peran kekuatan pasar dalam alokasi sumber daya.<ref name="mof.gov.jm">{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.gov.jm/mof-media/media-centre/press/2569-goj-divestment-and-projects-programme-to-generate-billions-in-investment-opportunities-for-jamaican-capital.html |title=GOJ Divestment and Projects Programme to Generate Billions in Investment Opportunities for Jamaican Capital |publisher=Government of Jamaica Ministry of Finance and Public Services |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062403/http://www.mof.gov.jm/mof-media/media-centre/press/2569-goj-divestment-and-projects-programme-to-generate-billions-in-investment-opportunities-for-jamaican-capital.html |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jamaica Observer newspaper">{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Holness_says_divestment_of_state_assets_good_thing_for_Jamaica |title=Holness says divestment of state assets good thing for Jamaica |publisher=Jamaica Observer newspaper |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062310/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Holness_says_divestment_of_state_assets_good_thing_for_Jamaica |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jamaica Gleaner newspaper">{{cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20181114/dbj-bats-small-investors-wigton-divestment|title=DBJ Bats For Small Investors in Wigton Divestment|date=14 November 2018|publisher=Jamaica Gleaner newspaper|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224003542/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20181114/dbj-bats-small-investors-wigton-divestment|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Sejak 1991, pemerintah telah mengikuti program liberalisasi dan stabilisasi ekonomi dengan menghilangkan kontrol devisa,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Foreign-Exchange-Controls |title=Jamaica – Foreign Exchange Controls |website=export.gov |publisher=Government of the United States |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002029/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Foreign-Exchange-Controls |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/-No-legal-restrictions-on-foreign-currency-quotes-_15570664 |title=No Legal Restrictions of Foreign Currency Quotes |website=Jamaica Observer |publisher=Jamaica Observer Newspaper |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002109/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/-No-legal-restrictions-on-foreign-currency-quotes-_15570664 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> mengambangkan nilai tukar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ctrc.sice.oas.org/trc/Jamaica/JamaicaTP.asp |title=Trade Reference Centre – Jamaica – Caribbean Trade Reference Centre |publisher=Trade Reference Centre – Jamaica – Caribbean Trade Reference Centre |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228010302/http://ctrc.sice.oas.org/trc/Jamaica/JamaicaTP.asp |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="state1">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157299.htm |title=2011 Investment Climate Statement — Jamaica |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> pemotongan tarif[[bea]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Import-Tariffs |title=Jamaica – Import Tariffs |website=export.gov |publisher=Government of the United States |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001921/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Import-Tariffs |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> menstabilkan [[dolar Jamaika]], mengurangi inflasi<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-17/no-inflation-no-cry-jamaica-turns-to-reggae-to-promote-target |title=Jamaica Turns to Reggae Videos to Promote Inflation Target |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222151944/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-17/no-inflation-no-cry-jamaica-turns-to-reggae-to-promote-target |archive-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> dan menghapus pembatasan [[Investasi asing langsung|investasi asing]].<ref name="state1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Openness-to-Foreign-Investment |title=Jamaica – 1-Openness to & Restriction on Foreign Investment |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002016/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Openness-to-Foreign-Investment |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Penekanan ditempatkan pada pemeliharaan disiplin fiskal yang ketat, keterbukaan yang lebih besar terhadap arus perdagangan dan keuangan, liberalisasi pasar dan pengurangan ukuran pemerintahan. Selama periode ini, sebagian besar ekonomi dikembalikan ke kepemilikan sektor swasta melalui program [[divestasi]] dan [[privatisasi]].<ref name="mof.gov.jm"/><ref name="Jamaica Observer newspaper"/><ref name="Jamaica Gleaner newspaper"/> Zona perdagangan bebas di Kingston, Montego Bay, dan Spanish Town memungkinkan impor bebas bea, keuntungan bebas pajak, dan repatriasi pendapatan ekspor secara gratis.<ref name="Jamaica Economy">{{cite web |url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/jamaica/economy |title=Jamaica (Economy) |publisher=Official Commonwealth Website (UK) |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001931/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/jamaica/economy |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Perekonomian Jamaika tumbuh kuat setelah tahun-tahun kemerdekaan,<ref name="Jamaica Economy"/> tetapi kemudian mengalami stagnasi pada tahun 1980-an, karena jatuhnya harga bauksit dan fluktuasi harga pertanian.<ref name="Jamaica Economy"/><ref name="EBJ"/> Sektor keuangan bermasalah pada tahun 1994, dengan banyak bank dan perusahaan asuransi menderita kerugian besar dan masalah likuiditas.<ref name="EBJ"/><ref name="Jamaica Economy"/> Menurut Sekretariat [[Persemakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa|Persemakmuran]], "Pemerintah mendirikan Perusahaan Penyesuaian Sektor Keuangan (Finsac) pada Januari 1997 untuk membantu bank dan perusahaan ini, menyediakan dana dengan imbalan ekuitas, dan mengakuisisi kepemilikan substansial di bank dan perusahaan asuransi dan perusahaan terkait", tetapi itu hanya memperburuk masalah, dan membawa negara itu ke dalam utang luar negeri yang besar. Sejak tahun 2001, setelah memulihkan bank dan perusahaan ini ke kondisi keuangan yang sehat, Finsac mendivestasikannya.<ref name="Jamaica Economy"/> [[Politik Jamaika|Pemerintah Jamaika]] tetap berkomitmen untuk menurunkan inflasi, dengan tujuan jangka panjang untuk menyelaraskannya dengan mitra perdagangan utamanya.<ref name="Bloomberg"/>