Kabul: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Kabul''' ({{lang-fa|{{nastaliq|کابل}}}} ''Kābol'' {{IPA-fa|kɒːˈbol|IPA}}; {{lang-ps|{{nastaliq|کابل}}}} ''Kābul'' {{IPA-all|kɑˈbul|IPA}};<ref>Pronunciation in English varies, common are {{IPA-en|ˈkɑːbəl|}}, {{IPA-en|ˈkɑːbuːl|}}, and {{IPA-en|kəˈbuːl|}}. See [http://www.nationalreview.com/nordlinger/nordlinger112002.asp National Review, November 20, 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216213923/http://www.nationalreview.com/nordlinger/nordlinger112002.asp |date=2009-02-16 }}, [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kabul Merriam-Webster: Kabul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409162927/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kabul |date=2010-04-09 }}</ref> archaic '''Caubul''') adalah [[ibu kota]] sekaligus kota terbesar di [[Afganistan]] dengan jumlah penduduk sekitar 4.6 juta jiwa.<ref name="CSO">"Afghanistan Statistical Yearbook 2008/09", Central Statistics Office</ref> Sebuah [[terowongan]] menghubungkan Kabul dengan perbatasan [[Tajikistan]] di bawah Pegunungan [[Hindu Kush]].

Usia Kabul lebih dari 3.000 tahun. Banyak kerajaan berperang memperebutkan kota ini, karena lokasinya yg strategis sepanjang rute perdagangan [[Asia Selatan]] dan [[Asia Tengah|Tengah]]. Pada [[1504]], [[Babur]] membuat tempat ini ibu kota [[Kekaisaran Moghul]]. Pada [[1776]], [[Timur Shah Durrani]] membuatnya ibu kota Afghanistan modern.<ref>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - ''Kabul''...[http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368810 Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012145302/http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368810 |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref>

Pada Bulan November 2001, [[Aliansi Utara]] merebut Kabul setelah Taliban meninggalkannya setelah invasi Amerika. Sebulan kemudian pemerintahan baru di bawah Presiden [[Hamid Karzai]] mulai berkumpul. Sementara itu, [[Pasukan Bantuan Keamanan Internasional]] (ISAF) yang dipimpin [[NATO]] dikerahkan di Afghanistan. Kota yang dilanda perang mulai melihat beberapa perkembangan positif karena banyak ekspatriat Afghanistan kembali ke negara itu. Populasi kota tumbuh dari sekitar 500.000 pada tahun 2001 menjadi lebih dari 3 juta dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Banyak kedutaan asing dibuka kembali. Pada tahun 2008 proses{{clarify|date=Agustus 2021}} mulai secara bertahap menyerahkan tanggung jawab keamanan dari NATO kepada pasukan Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 September 2018|title=Flash from the Past: Kabul security handed back to Afghans in 2008|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/international-engagement/flash-from-the-past-kabul-security-handed-back-to-afghans-in-2008/|access-date=2021-09-29|archive-date=2020-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612213320/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/international-engagement/flash-from-the-past-kabul-security-handed-back-to-afghans-in-2008/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dari akhir 2001 kota ini telah terus dibangun kembali -<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bergen|first=Peter|date=March 4, 2013|title=What Went Right?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/04/what-went-right/|website=foreignpolicy.com|access-date=November 26, 2019|archive-date=2020-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609174836/https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/04/what-went-right/|dead-url=no}}</ref> banyak landmark yang rusak dibangun kembali atau direnovasi, misalnya [[Taman Babur]] pada tahun 2005,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bagh-e Babur Restoration: Gardens|url=https://archnet.org/sites/5595|access-date=2021-09-29|archive-date=2021-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015211721/https://www.archnet.org/sites/5595|dead-url=no}}</ref> lengkungan Paghman, menara jam Jembatan Mahmoud Khan pada tahun 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Tschardahoum/Shoumare-313/shahmahmoud%20Mahmoud.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2021-09-29 |archive-date=2021-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901124409/https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Tschardahoum/Shoumare-313/shahmahmoud%20Mahmoud.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> dan [[Istana Tajbeg]] pada tahun 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=قصر تاج‌بیگ پس از بازسازی|url=https://www.darivoa.com/a/taj-beg-palace-/5694275.html|access-date=2021-09-29|archive-date=2021-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629033847/https://www.darivoa.com/a/taj-beg-palace-/5694275.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Upaya masyarakat setempat juga telah berhasil memulihkan rumah dan tempat tinggal lokal yang dilanda perang.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 May 2019|title='There is less fear': Restoration of Kabul repairs the ravages of war|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/may/13/there-is-less-fear-restoration-of-kabul-repairs-the-ravages-of-war|access-date=2021-09-29|archive-date=2021-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115160331/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/may/13/there-is-less-fear-restoration-of-kabul-repairs-the-ravages-of-war|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Kota ini telah mengalami urbanisasi yang cepat dengan populasi yang meningkat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Afghanistan Displacement and Returnee Response Informal Settlement Profiles: City of Kabul|url=http://www.reachresourcecentre.info/system/files/resource-documents/reach_afg_factsheet_kabul_cover_page_jan2017_3.pdf|website=www.reachresourcecentre.info|access-date=2021-09-11|archive-date=2018-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070913/http://www.reachresourcecentre.info/system/files/resource-documents/reach_afg_factsheet_kabul_cover_page_jan2017_3.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Banyak pemukiman informal telah dibangun. Sejak akhir 2000-an, banyak kompleks perumahan modern telah dibangun, banyak di antaranya terjaga keamanannya dan diamankan, untuk melayani kelas menengah Afghanistan yang sedang tumbuh.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 December 2017|title=For a Lucky Few, Life Is Better in This Kabul Neighborhood|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/01/kabul-afghanistan-suburb-modern/|website=www.nationalgeographic.com|access-date=2021-09-11|archive-date=2021-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113220139/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/01/kabul-afghanistan-suburb-modern/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Beberapa di antaranya termasuk Kota Aria (di Distrik 10) dan Kota Emas (Distrik 8).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rasmussen|first1=Sune Engel|date=11 December 2014|title=Kabul – the fifth fastest growing city in the world – is bursting at the seams|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/11/kabul-afghanistan-fifth-fastest-growing-city-world-rapid-urbanisation|website=The Guardian|access-date=2021-09-11|archive-date=2017-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109115432/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/11/kabul-afghanistan-fifth-fastest-growing-city-world-rapid-urbanisation|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=To go with story 'Afghanistan-elections-presidency-economics' by...|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/to-go-with-story-afghanistan-elections-presidency-economics-news-photo/456453908#/to-go-with-story-afghanistanelectionspresidencyeconomics-by-emmanuel-picture-id456453908|website=Getty Images|language=en-gb|access-date=2021-09-11|archive-date=2018-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124011102/https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/to-go-with-story-afghanistan-elections-presidency-economics-news-photo/456453908#/to-go-with-story-afghanistanelectionspresidencyeconomics-by-emmanuel-picture-id456453908|dead-url=no}}</ref> Beberapa kompleks telah dibangun di luar kota, seperti kota Omid-e-Sabz (Distrik 13), kota Qasaba/Khwaja Rawash (Distrik 15), dan kota Sayed Jamaludin (Distrik 12).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Changing Face Of Kabul|url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-the-changing-face-of-kabul/27796779.html|website=RFE/RL|language=en|access-date=2021-09-11|archive-date=2018-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124005718/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-the-changing-face-of-kabul/27796779.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Completed Projects - Gholghola Group|url=http://gholghola.com/en/complete-projects/|website=gholghola.com|access-date=2021-09-11|archive-date=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215071658/http://gholghola.com/en/complete-projects/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New township changes Kabul ring road course|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2015/03/10/new-township-changes-kabul-ring-road-course|website=www.pajhwok.com|access-date=2021-09-11|archive-date=2018-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012605/https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2015/03/10/new-township-changes-kabul-ring-road-course|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Selama bertahun-tahun, "Zona Hijau" keamanan tinggi dibentuk di pusat kota.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/17/afghanistan-kabul-diplomats-embassies |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2021-09-05 |archive-date=2021-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901122145/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/17/afghanistan-kabul-diplomats-embassies |dead-url=no }}</ref> Pada tahun 2010, serangkaian pos pemeriksaan berawak yang disebut [[Ring of Steel]] dioperasikan. Dinding ledakan beton juga muncul di seluruh Kabul pada tahun 2000-an untuk alasan keamanan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/kabul-architecture-war-us-afghanistan/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2021-09-05 |archive-date=2021-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326042641/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/kabul-architecture-war-us-afghanistan/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Meskipun sering terjadi serangan teroris di kota tersebut, terutama oleh kelompok Taliban, kota ini terus berkembang dan merupakan kota dengan pertumbuhan tercepat kelima di dunia pada tahun 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |title=World's fastest growing urban areas (1) |publisher=City Mayors |date=2012-05-17 |access-date=2012-08-17 |archive-date=2010-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090345/http://citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/kabul-a-city-with-2-faces/|title=Kabul: A City With 2 Faces|website=thediplomat.com|access-date=November 26, 2019|archive-date=2020-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609174158/https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/kabul-a-city-with-2-faces/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Hingga Agustus 2021, [[Pasukan Keamanan Nasional Afghanistan]] (ANSF) telah bertanggung jawab atas keamanan di dalam dan sekitar kota. Kabul secara berkala menjadi lokasi pemboman mematikan yang sebagian besar dilakukan oleh [[Taliban]] tetapi juga oleh jaringan Haqqani, [[ISIL]], dan kelompok anti-negara lainnya.<ref name=US-blames-Pakistan>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.html |title=U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack |agency=Reuters |date=September 22, 2011 |access-date=2011-09-22 |archive-date=2011-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925075845/http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-usa-haqqani-idUSTRE78G1RM20110917 |title=U.S. links Pakistan to group it blames for Kabul attack |date=September 17, 2011 |work=Reuters |access-date=2011-09-21 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155251/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/17/us-pakistan-usa-haqqani-idUSTRE78G1RM20110917 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/09/18/clinton-presses-pakistan-to-help-fight-haqqani-insurgent-group/ |title=Clinton Presses Pakistan to Help Fight Haqqani Insurgent Group |publisher=Fox News |date=September 18, 2011 |access-date=2011-09-21 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181106/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/09/18/clinton-presses-pakistan-to-help-fight-haqqani-insurgent-group/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-044440789.html;_ylt=A2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413 |title=Pakistan condemns US comments about spy agency |agency=Associated Press |date=September 23, 2011 |access-date=2011-09-23 |archive-date=2013-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727053454/http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-044440789.html%3B_ylt%3DA2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Pegawai pemerintah, tentara, dan warga sipil biasa semuanya menjadi sasaran serangan.<ref name=latimes>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-bombings-20111207,0,4701392.story |title=Two Afghanistan bombings aimed at Shiites kill at least 59 people |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 7, 2008 |access-date=2011-12-09 |first1=Hashmat |last1=Baktash |first2=Alex |last2=Rodriguez |archive-date=2012-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125021608/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-bombings-20111207,0,4701392.story |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="ALISSA J. RUBIN">{{cite news

| last = RUBIN

| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/world/asia/14afghanistan.html?pagewanted=all

| newspaper = [[nytimes.com]]

| last = Holehouse

| first = Matthew

| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8759579/Kabul-US-embassy-attack-September-13-as-it-happened.html

| title = Kabul US embassy attack: September 13 as it happened

| publisher = [[telegraph.co.uk]]

| date = 13 September 2011

* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Omaha, Nebraska]], [[Amerika serikat]] (sejak 2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/cities-afghanistan-and-nebraska-forge-sister-cities-partnership|title=Cities in Afghanistan and Nebraska forge "sister cities" partnership - Afghanistan|website=ReliefWeb|language=en|access-date=2020-06-14|archive-date=2019-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410105417/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/cities-afghanistan-and-nebraska-forge-sister-cities-partnership|dead-url=no}}</ref>