Pertanian vertikal: Perbedaan antara revisi
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<span data-segmentid="5" class="cx-segment">'''Pertanian vertikal''' atau '''indoor''' '''farming''' adalah praktik memproduksi makanan dan obat-obatan dalam lapisan yang ditumpuk secara vertikal, permukaan yang cenderung vertikal dan/atau terintegrasi dalam struktur lain (seperti gedung pencakar langit, gudang bekas, atau peti kemas).</span> <span data-segmentid="6" class="cx-segment">Ide-ide modern pertanian vertikal umumnya menggabungkan teknik pertanian dalam ruangan atau teknologi [[pertanian lingkungan terkendali]] (CEA), di mana banyak faktor lingkungan dapat dikendalikan dengan teknologi pertanian tak bertanah seperti hidroponik, akuaponik, dan aeroponik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/download.php?id=512|title=Vertical Farming|last=Birkby|first=Jeff|date=January 2016|website=ATTRA Sustainable Agriculture Program|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211203740/https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/download.php?id=512|archive-date=2016-02-11|access-date=October 28, 2019|dead-url=yes}}</ref></span> <span data-segmentid="8" class="cx-segment">Fasilitas ini menggunakan kontrol buatan cahaya, kontrol lingkungan (kelembaban, suhu, gas, dll.) dan [[Fertigasi|pemupukan]].</span> <span data-segmentid="10" class="cx-segment">Beberapa pertanian vertikal menggunakan teknik yang mirip dengan [[rumah kaca]], di mana [[sinar matahari]] alami dapat ditambah dengan [[Penerangan|pencahayaan]] buatan dan [[Cermin|reflektor]] [[logam]].<ref name="Hix, John 1974">Hix, John. 1974. The glass house. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.</ref><ref name="bowenpublishing.com">{{Cite journal|last=Pati|first=Ranjan|last2=Abelar|first2=Michael|date=27 May 2015|title=The Application and Optimization of Metal Reflectors to Vertical Greenhouses to Increase Plant Growth and Health|url=http://www.bowenpublishing.com/jaeb/paperInfo.aspx?PaperID=16664&year=2015&volume=3&number=2|dead-url=yes|journal=Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Biotechnology|pages=63–71|doi=10.18005/JAEB0302003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907214246/http://www.bowenpublishing.com/jaeb/paperInfo.aspx?PaperID=16664&year=2015&volume=3&number=2|archive-date=7 September 2015|access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vertical-farming.net/vertical-farming/glossary-for-vertical-farming/|title=Glossary for Vertical Farming|access-date=2016-01-06}}</ref></span>
Konsep modern pertanian vertikal diusulkan pada tahun 1999 oleh [[Dickson Despommier]], profesor Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Lingkungan di Universitas Columbia.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/ddd1|title=Dickson Despommier {{!}} Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health|website=www.mailman.columbia.edu|access-date=2019-11-04|archive-date=2015-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225035048/https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/ddd1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Despommier dan murid-muridnya membuat desain pertanian pencakar langit yang dapat memberi makan 50.000 orang.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://psmag.com/environment/farming-in-high-rises-raises-hopes-3705|title=Going Up? Vertical Farming in High-Rises Raises Hopes|last=Cooper|first=Arnie|website=Pacific Standard|language=en|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref> Meskipun desainnya belum dibangun, ia berhasil mempopulerkan gagasan pertanian vertikal.<ref name=":6" /> Aplikasi pertanian vertikal saat ini diperkaya dengan teknologi canggih lainnya, seperti lampu [[Diode pancaran cahaya|LED]] khusus telah menghasilkan lebih dari 10 kali hasil panen daripada pertanian tradisional.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Benke|first=Kurt|last2=Tomkins|first2=Bruce|date=2017-01-01|title=Future food-production systems: vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2017.1394054|journal=Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy|volume=13|issue=1|pages=13–26|doi=10.1080/15487733.2017.1394054}}</ref> Ada beberapa cara berbeda untuk menerapkan sistem pertanian vertikal ke dalam komunitas seperti di [[Paignton]],<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Fredani|first=Kevin|date=June 2010|title=Vertical Plant Production as a Public Exhibit at Paignton Zoo|url=https://www.bgci.org/files/Dublin2010/papers/Frediani-Kevin.pdf|journal=Proceedings pf the 4th Global Botanic Gardens Congress|volume=|pages=}}</ref> [[Israel]],<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenprophet.com/2010/06/green-zionist-alliance-gza-resolutions/|title=Green Zionist Alliance (GZA) - Bold Resolutions for 36th World Zionist Congress|date=2010-06-01|website=Green Prophet {{!}} Impact News for the Middle East|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref> [[Singapura]],<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1233261/1/.html|title=First commercial vertical farm opens in Singapore - Channel NewsAsia|date=2012-10-27|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-11-08|archive-date=2012-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027232546/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1233261/1/.html|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> [[Chicago]],<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.evolving-science.com/environment/vertical-farms-cities-are-future-urban-farming-00288|title=Vertical Farms in Cities are the Future of Urban Farming|last=Meghna|date=2017-06-20|website=Evolving Science|language=en|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref> [[München|Munich]],<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=http://agritecture.com/post/87002187837/spring2014|title=AGRITECTURE - Vertical Farming Technology Trends|date=2015-06-11|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-11-08|archive-date=2015-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611091242/http://agritecture.com/post/87002187837/spring2014|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> [[London]],<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a25379774/abandoned-coal-mines-could-be-future-of-farming/|title=Abandoned Coal Mines Could Be Future of Farming|last=Grossman|first=David|date=2018-12-03|website=Popular Mechanics|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref> [[Jepang]],<ref name=":10" /> dan [[Lincolnshire]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.agritecture.com/blog/2018/11/15/the-future-of-farming-robots-bees-and-vertical-farms|title=The Future of Farming: Robots, Bees and Vertical Farms|website=AGRITECTURE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref>
Keuntungan utama dari pemanfaatan teknologi pertanian vertikal adalah peningkatan hasil panen yang datang dengan unit kebutuhan lahan yang lebih kecil.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/752128/average-yield-for-indoor-and-outdoor-farming-worldwide-by-crop-type/|title=Indoor farming and outdoor farming average yield per acre worldwide 2015|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> Meningkatnya kemampuan untuk mengolah varietas tanaman yang lebih besar sekaligus karena tanaman tidak berbagi bidang tanah yang sama saat menanam adalah keuntungan lain yang didapatkan. Selain itu, tanaman relatif lebih tahan terhadap gangguan cuaca karena penempatannya di dalam ruangan, yang berarti lebih sedikit tanaman yang rusak akibat kejadian cuaca ekstrem atau tak terduga. Terakhir, karena penggunaan lahan yang minim, pertanian vertikal tidak mengganggu bagi tanaman dan hewan asli, yang mengarah pada pelestarian lebih lanjut flora dan fauna lokal.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Navarro|first=Laetitia M.|last2=Pereira|first2=Henrique M.|date=2012-09-01|title=Rewilding Abandoned Landscapes in Europe|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9558-7|journal=Ecosystems|language=en|volume=15|issue=6|pages=900–912|doi=10.1007/s10021-012-9558-7|issn=1435-0629}}</ref>
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