Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Baris 155:
* Titik tertinggi – [[Mount Paget]]: 2.934 m
* Titik terendah – Samudra Atlantik: 0
== Iklim ==
[[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|Citra satelit NASA dari Pulau Georgia Selatan tertutup salju]]
[[File:Wave Clouds from South Sandwich Islands.jpg|thumb|Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan terhubung dengan arus udara untuk membuat [[Awan lentikular|pola gelombang]] di awan.]]
[[File:Royal Bay and South Georgia Island.jpg|thumb|right|Royal Bay dan Pulau Georgia Selatan]]
Iklim di kepulauan ini diklasifikasikan sebagai iklim kutub, dan cuacanya sangat bervariasi dan keras, membuat bioma [[tundra]] ([[Tundra|ET]]) di [[Klasifikasi iklim Köppen]]. Suhu maksimum harian tipikal di Georgia Selatan pada permukaan laut adalah sekitar {{convert|0|°C}} di musim dingin (Agustus) dan {{convert|8|°C|1}} di musim panas (Januari). Suhu minimum musim dingin biasanya sekitar {{convert|−5|°C|0}} dan jarang turun di bawah {{convert|−10|°C|0}}. Curah hujan tahunan di South Georgia adalah sekitar {{convert|1500|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, sebagian besar turun dalam bentuk hujan es atau salju, yang mungkin terjadi sepanjang tahun. Di pedalaman, garis salju di musim panas berada pada ketinggian sekitar {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.
Angin barat bertiup sepanjang tahun diselingi dengan periode tenang—memang, pada tahun 1963, 25% angin berada dalam kategori tenang di King Edward Point, dan kecepatan angin rata-rata sekitar {{convert|8|kn|kn|mph km/j}} sekitar setengah dari Kepulauan Falkland. Ini memberi sisi timur Georgia Selatan (sisi bawah angin) iklim yang lebih menyenangkan daripada sisi barat yang terbuka. Kondisi cuaca yang berlaku umumnya membuat pulau-pulau itu sulit didekati dengan kapal, meskipun pantai utara Georgia Selatan memiliki beberapa teluk besar yang menyediakan tempat berlabuh yang baik.
Sinar matahari, seperti banyak Kepulauan Atlantik Selatan, rendah, maksimal hanya 21,5%. Ini berarti sekitar 1.000 jam sinar matahari setiap tahun. [[Topografi]] lokal, bagaimanapun, juga berkontribusi secara signifikan terhadap [[Penyinaran surya|insolasi]] yang rendah. Sebuah studi yang diterbitkan pada awal 1960-an<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |publisher=British Antarctic Survey |access-date=10 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> menunjukkan bahwa instrumen perekam sinar matahari tetap dikaburkan secara signifikan sepanjang tahun dan seluruhnya dikaburkan selama bulan Juni. Diperkirakan bahwa paparan sinar matahari teoretis minus penghalang akan menjadi sekitar 14% di Pulau Burung dan 35% di King Edward Point{{spasi ndash}}atau, dalam hitungan per jam, mulai dari sekitar 650 jam di barat hingga 1.500 jam di timur. Ini mengilustrasikan efek Allardyce Range dalam memecahkan tutupan awan.
Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan jauh lebih dingin daripada Georgia Selatan, lebih jauh ke selatan dan lebih rentan terhadap wabah dingin dari benua Antartika. Mereka juga dikelilingi oleh es laut dari pertengahan Mei hingga akhir November (bahkan lebih lama lagi di ujung selatannya).<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> Suhu ekstrem yang tercatat di South Thule Island berkisar dari {{convert|−29.8|to|17.7|°C|1}}.
{{Clear}}
{{Weather box
|location = Pulau Burung, Georgia Selatan, 1961–1990
|collapsed =
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|Jan record high C = 11.2
|Feb record high C = 10.7
|Mar record high C = 10.5
|Apr record high C = 10.2
|May record high C = 6.9
|Jun record high C = 6.0
|Jul record high C = 5.9
|Aug record high C = 4.8
|Sep record high C = 7.5
|Oct record high C = 10.4
|Nov record high C = 9.1
|Dec record high C = 9.4
|year record high C =
|Jan high C = 5.5
|Feb high C = 5.6
|Mar high C = 4.4
|Apr high C = 1.9
|May high C = −0.5
|Jun high C = −1.8
|Jul high C = −2.4
|Aug high C = −1.9
|Sep high C = −0.2
|Oct high C = 1.6
|Nov high C = 3.4
|Dec high C = 4.5
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 3.1
|Feb mean C = 3.5
|Mar mean C = 2.5
|Apr mean C = 0.4
|May mean C = -2.1
|Jun mean C = -3.2
|Jul mean C = -3.9
|Aug mean C = -3.3
|Sep mean C = -1.8
|Oct mean C = -0.2
|Nov mean C = 1.0
|Dec mean C = 2.0
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 0.7
|Feb low C = 1.4
|Mar low C = 0.6
|Apr low C = −1.0
|May low C = −3.8
|Jun low C = −4.6
|Jul low C = −5.4
|Aug low C = −4.8
|Sep low C = −3.4
|Oct low C = −1.9
|Nov low C = −1.5
|Dec low C = −0.6
|year low C =
|Jan record low C = -2
|Feb record low C = -1.7
|Mar record low C = -3.2
|Apr record low C = -4.6
|May record low C = -7.3
|Jun record low C = -8.5
|Jul record low C = -11.4
|Aug record low C = -10.6
|Sep record low C = -8.5
|Oct record low C = -6.6
|Nov record low C = -4.3
|Dec record low C = -2.8
|year record low C =
|Jan precipitation mm = 84
|Feb precipitation mm = 80
|Mar precipitation mm = 95
|Apr precipitation mm = 123
|May precipitation mm = 108
|Jun precipitation mm = 108
|Jul precipitation mm = 120
|Aug precipitation mm = 114
|Sep precipitation mm = 107
|Oct precipitation mm = 98
|Nov precipitation mm = 88
|Dec precipitation mm = 77
|year precipitation mm = 1204
|source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref>
|source 2= Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref>
|date=July 2011
}}
{{Weather box
|location = Grytviken/King Edward Point, Georgia Selatan, 1901–1950 (Sinar Matahari 1931–1960)
|collapsed =
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 24.5
|Feb record high C = 26.5
|Mar record high C = 28.8
|Apr record high C = 19.1
|May record high C = 17.5
|Jun record high C = 14.0
|Jul record high C = 13.6
|Aug record high C = 13.2
|Sep record high C = 17.0
|Oct record high C = 20.0
|Nov record high C = 22.5
|Dec record high C = 21.5
|year record high C =28.8
|Jan high C = 8.4
|Feb high C = 9.1
|Mar high C = 8.4
|Apr high C = 5.6
|May high C = 2.9
|Jun high C = 0.9
|Jul high C = 1.2
|Aug high C = 1.5
|Sep high C = 3.5
|Oct high C = 5.4
|Nov high C = 6.5
|Dec high C = 7.5
|year high C = 5.1
|Jan mean C = 4.6
|Feb mean C = 5.1
|Mar mean C = 4.4
|Apr mean C = 2.3
|May mean C = 0.0
|Jun mean C = -1.6
|Jul mean C = -1.5
|Aug mean C = -1.8
|Sep mean C = -0.1
|Oct mean C = 1.6
|Nov mean C = 2.7
|Dec mean C = 3.7
|year mean C = 1.6
|Jan low C = 1.4
|Feb low C = 1.7
|Mar low C = 1.0
|Apr low C = −0.8
|May low C = −3.1
|Jun low C = −4.6
|Jul low C = −4.7
|Aug low C = −4.9
|Sep low C = −3.3
|Oct low C = −1.8
|Nov low C = −0.5
|Dec low C = 0.4
|year low C = -1.6
|Jan record low C = −4.1
|Feb record low C = −3.7
|Mar record low C = −6.3
|Apr record low C = −9.8
|May record low C = −11.4
|Jun record low C = −14.6
|Jul record low C = −15.2
|Aug record low C = −19.2
|Sep record low C = −18.4
|Oct record low C = −11.0
|Nov record low C = −6.4
|Dec record low C = −5.4
|year record low C = −19.2
|Jan precipitation mm = 92
|Feb precipitation mm = 114
|Mar precipitation mm = 136
|Apr precipitation mm = 139
|May precipitation mm = 137
|Jun precipitation mm = 135
|Jul precipitation mm = 149
|Aug precipitation mm = 149
|Sep precipitation mm = 92
|Oct precipitation mm = 80
|Nov precipitation mm = 93
|Dec precipitation mm = 88
|year precipitation mm = 1394
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12
|Feb precipitation days = 13
|Mar precipitation days = 14
|Apr precipitation days = 14
|May precipitation days = 12
|Jun precipitation days = 15
|Jul precipitation days = 15
|Aug precipitation days = 14
|Sep precipitation days = 11
|Oct precipitation days = 12
|Nov precipitation days = 11
|Dec precipitation days = 11
|year precipitation days =
|Jan humidity = 72
|Feb humidity = 69
|Mar humidity = 69
|Apr humidity = 70
|May humidity = 74
|Jun humidity = 75
|Jul humidity = 74
|Aug humidity = 73
|Sep humidity = 72
|Oct humidity = 70
|Nov humidity = 69
|Dec humidity = 71
|year humidity =
|Jan sun = 152
|Feb sun = 160
|Mar sun = 127
|Apr sun = 66
|May sun = 34
|Jun sun = 12
|Jul sun = 22
|Aug sun = 74
|Sep sun = 123
|Oct sun = 171
|Nov sun = 174
|Dec sun = 167
|year sun =
|source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref>
|date=Apr 2012
}}
== Pranala luar ==
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