|
|}
==Postalveolar non-sibilantssibilan==
NonSuara non-sibilantsibilan soundsjuga candapat alsodibuat bedi made in thewilayah postalveolar region, thejumlah numbervariasi ofyang acousticallyberbeda distinctsecara variationsakustik iskemudian thendikurangi significantlysecara reducedsignifikan. ThePerbedaan primaryutama distinctionuntuk forbunyi suchtersebut soundsadalah is betweenantara [[laminalkonsonan consonantlaminal|laminal]] [[PalatalizationPalatalisasi (phoneticsfonetik)|palatalizedpalatalisasi]] anddan [[apicalkonsonan consonantapikal|apicalapikal]] [[retroflexkonsonan consonantretrofleks|retroflexretrofleks]] non-palatalizedpalatalisasi. (Subapical retroflexRetrofleks non-sibilantssibilan alsosubapikal occurjuga butterjadi tendtetapi tocenderung bemenjadi [[palatalkonsonan consonantpalatal|palatal]], asseperti foruntuk sibilantssibilan.)
===Non-palatalizedpalatalisasi (retroflexretrofleks)===
RetroflexRetrofleks stopsstop, nasalsnasal, anddan lateralslateral (likeseperti {{IPA|[ʈ ɳ ɭ]}}) occurmuncul indi asejumlah numberbahasa ofdi languagesseluruh acrossdunia theseperti world such as indi [[Southbahasa AsianAsia languagesSelatan]] such asseperti [[Hindi]] anddan variousberbagai [[EastRumpun Asianbahasa languagesAsia Timur]] such asseperti [[Vietnamesebahasa languageVietnam|VietnameseVietnam]]. TheBunyinya soundscukup arejarang fairlydalam rarebahasa inEropa Europeantetapi languages but occurmuncul, for examplemisalnya, indalam [[Swedishbahasa languageSwedia|SwedishSwedia]]; theymereka arekemudian thensering oftendianggap considered to besebagai [[allophonealofon]]s ofurutan sequences such asseperti {{IPA|/rn/}} oratau {{IPA|/rt/}}. AlsoJuga, foruntuk somebeberapa languagesbahasa thatyang distinguishmembedakan "dental" vs. "alveolar" stopsdan and nasalsnasal, theymereka aresebenarnya actuallydiartikulasikan articulatedlebih nearerdekat toke prealveolar anddan postalveolar, respectively.
The normal [[rhoticKonsonan consonantrhotik]] (suara-''r''-sound) indalam [[AmericanBahasa EnglishInggris Amerika]] is aadalah [[retroflexhampiran approximantretrofleks]] {{IPA|[ɻ]}} (thesetara equivalent indengan [[BritishBahasa Inggris EnglishBritania]] is anadalah [[aproksiman alveolar approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}}). RetroflexRhotik rhoticsretrofleks ofdari variousberbagai sortsjenis, especiallyterutama [[approximantkonsonan consonantyang mendekati|approximantyang mendekati]]s anddan [[flapkonsonan consonantyang mengepak|flapmenutup]]s occurumumnya commonlymuncul indalam thebahasa-bahasa world'sdi languagesdunia. SomeBeberapa languagesbahasa alsojuga havememiliki retroflexgetar trillsretrofleks. [[TamilBahasa languageTamil|Tamil]] anddan [[MalayalamBahasa languageMalayalam|Malayalam]] havememiliki twodua trillsgetar, atsetidaknya leastuntuk forbanyak many speakerspenutur, {{IPA|[r̟]}} vs. {{IPA|[r̠]}}, theyang latterterakhir ofyang which being retroflexretrofleks. [[Bahasa Toda language|Toda]] issangat particularlytidak unusualbiasa inkarena thatmemiliki it"enam" has ''six'' trillsgetaran, includingtermasuk aperbedaan palatalizedpalatalisasi/non-palatalizedpalatalisasi distinctiondan andperbedaan atempat three-waytiga placearah distinctionantara amonggetaran dentalgigi, alveolar, and retroflexdan trillsretrofleks.
===PalatalizedPalatalisasi===
PalatalizedNon-sibilan postalveolar non-sibilantsterpalatalisasi arebiasanya usuallydianggap considered to besebagai alveolo-palatal. SomeBeberapa bunyi non-sibilantsibilan soundsdalam inbeberapa somebahasa languagesdikatakan are said to besebagai palato-alveolar rather thandaripada alveolo-palatal, buttetapi indalam practicepraktiknya, it is unclear iftidak therejelas isapakah anyada consistentperbedaan acousticakustik distinctionyang betweenkonsisten theantara twokedua typesjenis ofbunyi soundstersebut.
InDalam phonologicaldeskripsi descriptionsfonologis, alveolo-palatal postalveolar non-sibilants arebiasanya usuallytidak notdibedakan distinguishedseperti asitu suchtetapi butdianggap aresebagai consideredvarian to be variants of eitherdari [[konsonan palatal consonant|palatal]] non-sibilantssibilan (such asseperti {{IPA|[c ɲ ʎ]}} oratau ofdari [[PalatalizationPalatalisasi (phoneticsfonetik)|palatalized]] [[alveolarkonsonan consonantalveolar|alveolar]] non-sibilantssibilan (such asseperti {{IPA|[tʲ nʲ lʲ]}}). EvenBahkan thekedua twojenis typesini aresering oftentidak notdibedakan distinguishedantara among nasalsnasal anddan lateralslateral, askarena almosthampir allsemua languagesbahasa havehanya onlymemiliki onesatu palatalizednasal palatalisasi/palatal nasal oratau lateral indalam theirinventaris phonemic inventoriesfonemiknya. For exampleMisalnya, thebunyi soundyang describeddigambarkan as asebagai "palatal lateral" indalam variousberbagai [[RomanceRumpun bahasa languageRoman]]s anddan oftensering indicateddiindikasikan assebagai {{IPA|/ʎ/}} ispaling mostsering oftenadalah alveolo-palatal {{IPA|[ḻʲ]}} (likeseperti indalam [[Catalanbahasa languageKatalan|CatalanKatalan]] anddan [[Italianbahasa languageItalia|ItalianItalia]]) anddan sometimesterkadang aalveolar palatalized alveolarpalatal {{IPA|[lʲ]}}, suchseperti asdalam inbeberapa some northerndialek [[BrazilianBahasa Portugis PortugueseBrasil]] dialectsutara.
The IPA does not have specific symbols for alveolo-palatal non-sibilants, but they can be denoted using the advanced diacritic like {{angbr IPA|c̟ ɲ̟ ʎ̟}}. [[Sinology|Sinologists]] often use special symbols for alveolo-palatal non-sibilants, {{angbr IPA|ȶ ȵ ȴ}}, created by analogy with the curls used to mark alveolo-palatal sibilants. However, the actual sounds indicated using these symbols are often palatal or palatalized alveolar rather than alveolo-palatal, like the variation for symbols like {{IPA|[ɲ ʎ]}}. The decision to use the special alveolo-palatal symbols in sinology is largely based on distributional similarities between the sounds in question and the alveolo-palatal sibilants, which are prominent in many [[East Asian languages]].
| 