Syariat Islam: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

Yaitu perkara yang tidak ada atau tidak jelas ketentuannya dalam Al Quran dan Al Hadist. '''Kedudukannya''' sebaga '''Cabang Syari'at Islam'''. '''Sifatnya''' pada dasarnya ''tidak mengikat seluruh umat Islam di dunia kecuali diterima [[Ulil Amri]] setempat sebagai peraturan / perundangan yang berlaku'' dalam wilayah kekuasaanya.

 

Peran Syariah telah menjadi topik yang diperebutkan di seluruh dunia. Ada perdebatan yang sedang berlangsung mengenai apakah Syariah kompatibel dengan demokrasi, hak asasi manusia, kebebasan berpikir, hak perempuan, hak LGBT, dan perbankan.<ref name=naim96>{{cite book |first1=Abdullahi A |last1=An-Na'im |chapter=Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights |chapter-url={{Google books|aqyWwF5YA1gC |page=337 |plainurl=yes}} |title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives |pages=337–59 |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Witte |editor2-first=Johan D. |editor2-last=van der Vyver |year=1996 |isbn=978-9041101792 }}</ref><ref name=hajjar2004>{{cite journal |last1=Hajjar |first1=Lisa |title=Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis |journal=Law & Social Inquiry |volume=29 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=1–38 |jstor=4092696 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00329.x|s2cid=145681085 }}</ref><ref>Al-Suwaidi, J. (1995). ''Arab and western conceptions of democracy; in Democracy, war, and peace in the Middle East'' (Editors: David Garnham, Mark A. Tessler), Indiana University Press, see Chapters 5 and 6; {{ISBN|978-0253209399}}{{page needed|date=April 2016}}</ref>

 

Beberapa yurisdiksi di Amerika Utara dan [[Indonesia]] telah mengeluarkan larangan penggunaan Syariah, yang dibingkai sebagai pembatasan hukum agama atau asing.<ref name=thomas>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Jeffrey L. |title=Scapegoating Islam: Intolerance, Security, and the American Muslim |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q-FCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |pages=83–86 |isbn=978-1440831003 |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213022551/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q-FCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |archive-date=13 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa di Strasbourg (ECtHR) memutuskan dalam beberapa kasus bahwa Syariah "tidak sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar demokrasi".<ref>So etwa in: Case Of Refah Partİsİ (The Welfare Party) And Others V. Turkey (Applications nos. 41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 and 41344/98), Judgment, Strasbourg, 13 February 2003, No. 123 (siehe S. 39): „The Court concurs in the Chamber’s view that sharia is incompatible with the fundamental principles of democracy, as set forth in the Convention“; vgl. Alastair Mowbray: „Cases, Materials, and Commentary on the European Convention on Human Rights“, OUP Oxford, 29. März 2012, S. 744, [https://books.google.de/books?id=XWyq09yJho8C&pg=PA744&lpg=PA744&dq=%E2%80%9EThe+Court+concurs+in+the+Chamber+view+that+sharia+is+incompatible+with+the+fundamental+principles+of+democracy,+as+set+forth+in+the+Convention%E2%80%9C&source=bl&ots=p8xgHpB1fF&sig=ACfU3U3hm72526PFBMwxY5mdPmiKppHIjg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKwLTX08nxAhV7gv0HHfxuC5MQ6AEwAHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9EThe%20Court%20concurs%20in%20the%20Chamber%20view%20that%20sharia%20is%20incompatible%20with%20the%20fundamental%20principles%20of%20democracy%2C%20as%20set%20forth%20in%20the%20Convention%E2%80%9C&f=false Google-Books-Archivierung]; siehe auch [https://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/15827 „The European Court of Human Rights in the case of Refah Partisi (the Welfare Party) and Others v. Turkey“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184803/https://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/15827 |date=2021-07-09 }}, 13. Feb. 2003, Ziffer 123 u. weitere Ziffern im gleichen Dokument</ref><ref>Siehe auch sueddeutsche.de, 14. Sept. 2017: [http://www.sueddeutsche.de/1.3666617 ''Gegen Scheidungen nach Scharia-Recht'']</ref>

 

== Definisi ==

 

=== Ijtihad ===

''[[Ijtihad]]'' adalah sebuah usaha para [[ulama]], untuk menetapkan sesuatu putusan hukum Islam, berdasarkan Al- Quran dan Hadis. Ijtihad dilakukan setelah Nabi Muhammad SAW wafat sehingga tidak bisa langsung menanyakan pada beliau tentang sesuatu hukum maupun perihal peribadatan. Namun, ada pula hal- hal [[ibadah mahdhah|ibadah]] tidak bisa di ijtihadkan. Beberapa macam ijtihad, antara lain :

* [[Ijma']], kesepakatan para ulama