Nakba: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Nakba''' ({{lang-ar|النكبة|translit=an-Nakbah|lit="bencana" atau "malapetaka"}}),<ref name="Ghanim">{{cite news |author=Honaida Ghanim |title=Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, gender, and social change among Palestinian poets in Israel after Nakba |journal=[[International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society]] |volume=22 |year=2009 |pages=23–39|jstor=40608203 }}</ref> juga dikenal sebagai '''Malapetaka Palestina''', adalah penghancuran masyarakat dan tanah air Palestina. pada tahun 1948, dan pemindahan permanen sebagian besar orang [[Bangsa Palestina|Arab Palestina]].<ref name=Webman29>{{harvnb|Webman|2009|p=29|ps=: "The Nakba represented the defeat, displacement, dispossession, exile, dependence, insecurity, lack of statehood, and fight for survival of the Palestinians."}}</ref><ref name=Sadi175>{{harvnb|Sa'di|2002|p=175|ps=: "for Palestinians, Al-Nakbah represents, among many other things, the loss of the homeland, the disintegration of society, the frustration of national aspirations, and the beginning of a hasty process of destruction of their culture."}}</ref> Istilah ini digunakan untuk menggambarkan peristiwa tahun 1948 dan penganiayaan, pemindahan, dan pendudukan Palestina yang sedang berlangsung, baik di [[Pendudukan Tepi Barat oleh Israel|Tepi Barat yang diduduki]] dan [[Jalur Gaza]], maupun di [[Kamp pengungsi Palestina|kamp-kamp pengungsi Palestina]] di seluruh wilayah tersebut.<ref>[[Hanan Ashrawi]], [http://www.i-p-o.org/palestine-ashrawi.htm Address by Ms. Hanan Ashrawi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304060303/http://www.i-p-o.org/palestine-ashrawi.htm |date=4 March 2021 }}, Durban (South Africa), 28 August 2001. [[World Conference Against Racism]], Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerances: "a nation in captivity held hostage to an ongoing Nakba, as the most intricate and pervasive expression of persistent colonialism, "apartheid, racism, and victimization" (original emphasis).</ref><ref>[[Saeb Erekat]], 15 May 2016, [[Haaretz]], [https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israel-must-recognize-its-responsibility-for-the-nakba-1.5383272 Israel Must Recognize Its Responsibility for the Nakba, the Palestinian Tragedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226042245/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israel-must-recognize-its-responsibility-for-the-nakba-1.5383272 |date=26 February 2021 }}, "The two-part makeup of the Nakba was borne through the destruction of Palestine and the construction of Israel. It encompasses around 350,000 internally displaced Palestinian citizens of Israel. It is seen through a racist legislative framework which legitimized the theft of Palestinian refugee land as enumerated in the Absentee Property Law... For Palestinians worldwide, the Nakba was not merely a day in history 68 years ago, but an entire system of daily forced subjugation and dispossession culminating in today’s Apartheid regime."</ref><ref name=SadiAbuL10>{{harvnb|Sa'di|Abu-Lughod|2007|p=10|ps=: "For Palestinians, still living their dispossession, still struggling or hoping for return, many under military occupation, many still immersed in matters of survival, the past is neither distant nor over. Unlike many historical experiences discussed in the literature on trauma, such as the Blitz, the merciless bombing of Hamburg and Dresden by the Allies at the closing stage of World War II, the Holocaust, the Algerian War of Independence, or the World Trade Center attack, which lasted for a limited period of time (the longest being the Algerian war of independence, lasting eight years), the Nakba is not over yet; after almost sixty years neither the Palestinians nor Israelis have yet achieved a state of normality; the violence and uprooting of Palestinians continues."}}</ref><ref name=Manna87>{{harvnb|Manna'|2013|p=87|ps=: "Contrary to what many think, particularly in Israel, the Nakba was not a one-time event connected to the war in Palestine and its immediate catastrophic repercussions on the Palestinians. Rather, and more correctly, it refers to the accumulated Palestinian experience since the 1948 war up to the present. After the Oslo agreements in 1993, there were hopes that the stateless Palestinian people would soon earn freedom and independence. However, the failure of the peace process to end the Israeli occupation and allow the birth of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel pushed the Palestinians back to square one. Furthermore, the erup- tion of a new cycle of violence which began in September 2000 added new dimensions to the disintegration of Palestinian society. For many Palestinians, these more recent events are adding new chapters and new meanings to the long-lived catastrophe since 1948."}}</ref>{{sfn|Bashir|Goldberg|2018|p=33, footnote 4|ps=: "In Palestinian writings the signifier “Nakba" came to designate two central meanings, which will be used in this volume interchangeably: (1) the 1948 disaster and (2) the ongoing occupation and colonization of Palestine that reached its peak in the catastrophe of 1948"}}

 

 

Pada tahun 1998, [[Yasser Arafat]] mengusulkan agar warga Palestina menandai peringatan 50 tahun Nakba yang mendeklarasikan 15 Mei, sehari setelah kemerdekaan Israel pada tahun 1948, sebagai [[Hari Nakbah]], meresmikan tanggal yang telah digunakan secara tidak resmi sejak tahun 1949.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schmemann |first1=Serge |title=MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE OVERVIEW; 9 Palestinians Die in Protests Marking Israel's Anniversary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/15/world/mideast-turmoil-overview-9-palestinians-die-protests-marking-israel-s.html |work=The New York Times |date=15 May 1998 |quote=We are not asking for a lot. We are not asking for the moon. We are asking to close the chapter of nakba once and for all, for the refugees to return and to build an independent Palestinian state on our land, our land, our land, just like other peoples. We want to celebrate in our capital, holy Jerusalem, holy Jerusalem, holy Jerusalem. |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305041314/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/15/world/mideast-turmoil-overview-9-palestinians-die-protests-marking-israel-s.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gladstone |first1=Rick |title=An annual day of Palestinian grievance comes amid the upheaval. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/15/world/middleeast/nakba-day.html |work=The New York Times |date=15 May 2021 |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515092910/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/15/world/middleeast/nakba-day.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

* {{cite journal |first=Shir |last=Alon |title=No One to See Here: Genres of Neutralization and the Ongoing Nakba |date=2019 |journal=Arab Studies Journal |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=91–117 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40150297 |publisher=[[Georgetown University]] |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054332/https://www.academia.edu/40150297 |url-status=live }}

* {{cite book|last=Vescovi|first=Thomas|title=La mémoire de la Nakba en Israël: Le regard de la société israélienne sur la tragédie palestinienne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxEvBgAAQBAJ|date=15 January 2015|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|isbn=978-2-336-36805-4|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054417/https://books.google.com/books?id=VxEvBgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|ref=none|author-link=Constantin Zureiq|last=Zureiq|first=Constantin|title=The Meaning of the Disaster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLIcAAAAMAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Khayat's College Book Cooperative|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054418/https://books.google.com/books?id=aLIcAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}} (Original Arabic version: {{cite book|publisher=[[:ar:دار العلم للملايين|دار العلم للملايين]]|title= وصف الكتاب|author-link=Constantin Zureiq|last= Zureiq |first= Constantin |date=1948}})

* {{cite book|authorlink1=Ahmad H. Sa'di|author-link2=Lila Abu-Lughod|last1=Sa'di|first1=Ahmad H.|last2=Abu-Lughod|first2=Lila|title=Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbKrAgAAQBAJ|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13579-5}}

* {{cite journal|author-link= Ahmad H. Sa'di |last=Sa'di|first=Ahmad H.|title=Catastrophe, Memory and Identity: Al-Nakbah as a Component of Palestinian Identity|journal= Israel Studies|volume=7|issue=2|year=2002|jstor=30245590|pages=175–198|doi=10.2979/ISR.2002.7.2.175|s2cid=144811289 }}

* {{cite journal|author-link= Adel Manna |last=Manna'|first=Adel|title=The Palestinian Nakba and Its Continuous Repercussions|journal= Israel Studies|volume=18|issue= 2|year= 2013|doi=10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86|jstor=10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86|pages= 86–99|s2cid=143785830 }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Sayigh |first1=Rosemary |title=On the Exclusion of the Palestinian Nakba from the 'Trauma Genre' |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |date=1 November 2013 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=51–60 |doi=10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.51 |jstor=10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.51 }}

* {{cite book|last=Lentin|first=Ronit|title=Co-memory and melancholia: Israelis memorialising the Palestinian Nakba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2W5DwAAQBAJ|date=19 July 2013|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-84779-768-1|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054420/https://books.google.com/books?id=q2W5DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}