Malaysia: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Pemerintah negara bagian dipimpin oleh ''[[Menteri Besar]]'' di negeri-negeri Malaya atau ''Ketua Menteri'' di negara-negara yang tidak memelihara monarki lokal, yakni seorang anggota majelis negara bagian dari partai mayoritas di dalam Dewan Undangan Negeri. Di tiap-tiap negara bagian yang memelihara monarki lokal, Menteri Besar haruslah seorang [[Suku Melayu]] [[Muslim]], meskipun penguasa ini menjadi subjek kebijaksanaan para penguasa. Kekuasaan politik di Malaysia amat penting untuk memperjuangkan suatu isu dan hak. Oleh karena itu kekuasaan memainkan peranan yang amat penting dalam melakukan perubahan.
=== Hubungan luar negeri ===
[[File:Secretary Pompeo and Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad (42910851015).jpg|thumb|left|alt=With Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad|Mantan Perdana Menteri Mahathir Mohamad bertemu dengan Menteri Luar Negeri AS [[Mike Pompeo]] di Kantor Perdana Menteri di [[Putrajaya]], 2018]]
Malaysia merupakan anggota pendiri Perhimpunan Bangsa Bangsa Asia Tenggara (ASEAN)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asean.org/64.htm |title=Overview |publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations |access-date=8 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm |archive-date=9 January 2008 }}</ref> dan Organisasi Kerjasama Islam (OKI),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8 |title=Islamic Affairs (OIC) and D8 Division |publisher=Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064902/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8 |archive-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> selain berpartisipasi dalam banyak organisasi internasional seperti Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml |title=List of Member States |publisher=United Nations |access-date=8 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024134907/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml |archive-date=24 October 2007 }}</ref> Kerjasama Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx |archive-date=1 December 2010 |title=Member Economies|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation |access-date=10 June 2011}}</ref> 8 Negara Berkembang,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|title=Malaysia|publisher=Developing 8 Countries|access-date=15 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135700/http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> dan Gerakan Non-Blok (GNB).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm |title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States |publisher=Non-Aligned Movement |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm |archive-date=9 December 2010 }}</ref> Ia pernah memimpin ASEAN, OKI, dan GNB di masa lalu.<ref name="state.gov" /> Sebuah bekas jajahan Inggris, juga merupakan anggota Persemakmuran Bangsa-bangsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/ |title=Member States |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Kuala Lumpur adalah tempat KTT Asia Timur pertama pada tahun 2005.<ref name="govtnz">{{cite web|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations |title=Malaysia Foreign Relations |publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade |date=4 December 2008 |access-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/ |archive-date=26 May 2010 }}</ref>
Kebijakan luar negeri Malaysia secara resmi didasarkan pada prinsip netralitas dan menjaga hubungan damai dengan semua negara, apapun sistem politiknya.<ref name="kln">{{cite web |url= http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy |title= Malaysia's Foreign Policy |access-date=21 September 2010 |publisher= [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> Pemerintah memberikan prioritas tinggi pada keamanan dan stabilitas Asia Tenggara,<ref name="govtnz" /> dan berusaha untuk lebih mengembangkan hubungan dengan negara-negara lain di kawasan ini. Secara historis pemerintah telah mencoba menggambarkan Malaysia sebagai negara Islam progresif<ref name="kln" /> sambil memperkuat hubungan dengan negara-negara Islam lainnya.<ref name="govtnz" /> Prinsip yang kuat dari kebijakan Malaysia adalah kedaulatan nasional dan hak suatu negara untuk mengontrol urusan dalam negerinya.<ref name="dfat" /> Malaysia menandatangani perjanjian PBB tentang Pelarangan Senjata Nuklir.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Japan should support nuclear ban treaty, says Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk |work=The Japan Times |date=7 August 2019}}</ref>
Kepulauan Spratly disengketakan oleh banyak negara di wilayah tersebut, dan sebagian besar Laut Tiongkok Selatan diklaim oleh Tiongkok. Tidak seperti tetangganya Vietnam dan Filipina, Malaysia secara historis menghindari konflik dengan Tiongkok.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row |title=Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row |last=Diola |first=Camille |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=25 June 2014 |access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> Namun, setelah perambahan kapal Tiongkok di perairan teritorial Malaysia,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/ |title=Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen |newspaper=The Borneo Post |location= Kuching |date=27 September 2015 |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> dan pelanggaran wilayah udara oleh pesawat militer mereka, Malaysia menjadi aktif dalam mengutuk Tiongkok.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/ |title=Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali |agency=Bernama |work=The Rakyat Post |date=15 August 2015 |access-date=16 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024442/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/ |archive-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html |title=Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea |first1=Ben |last1=Blanchard |first2=Richard |last2=Pullin |agency=Reuters |work=Channel News Asia |date=18 October 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151019120244/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html |archive-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> Brunei dan Malaysia pada tahun 2009 mengumumkan diakhirinya klaim atas tanah masing-masing, dan berkomitmen untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang berkaitan dengan perbatasan maritim mereka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brunei drops all claims to Limbang |url= http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang |last=Masli |first=Ubaidillah |work=[[The Brunei Times]] |date=17 March 2009 |access-date=23 August 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140712162447/http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Filipina memiliki klaim tidak aktif atas bagian timur Sabah.<ref name="MYIDPHSG">{{cite journal |last=Mohamad |first=Kadir |year=2009 |title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines) |url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf |publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia |quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001 |page=46 |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Reklamasi tanah Singapura telah menyebabkan ketegangan,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |title=Disputed – International |publisher=CIA |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014013059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> dan sengketa perbatasan laut dan sedikit daratan terjadi dengan Indonesia.<ref name="MYIDPHSG" /><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802 |title=Border disputes differ for Indonesia, M'sia |newspaper= [[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]] |location= Kota Kinabalu |date=16 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151019135525/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Militer ===
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Su30mkm flying at lima 8.jpg
| image2 = Scorpene Tunku Abdul Rahman.jpg
| alt2 = Submarine
| alt1 = Military plane
| image3 = A Malaysian Army paratrooper participates in an amphibious raid exercise with U.S. Marines and Sailors assigned to India Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment June 21, 2013, at Batu Beach in Kuantan 130621-N-LX503-251.jpg
| alt3 = Paratrooper
| image4 = PT-91 Ex.JPG
| alt4 = Tank
| footer =Searah jarum jam dari kanan atas: [[Kapal selam kelas Scorpène]], Tank MBT [[PT-91 Twardy|PT-91M]], Penerjun payung [[Angkatan Darat Malaysia]] dengan [[Karabin M4|M4]], dan pesawat tempur [[Sukhoi Su-30MKM|Su-30MKM]].
| perrow = 2/2
}}
Angkatan Bersenjata Malaysia memiliki tiga cabang: Angkatan Darat Malaysia, Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Malaysia dan Angkatan Udara Kerajaan Malaysia. Tidak ada wajib militer, dan usia wajib militer sukarela adalah 18 tahun. Militer menggunakan 1,5% dari PDB negara, dan mempekerjakan 1,23% tenaga kerja Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military&all=1 |title=Malaysian Military statistics |publisher=NationMaster |access-date=1 October 2010}}</ref> Pasukan penjaga perdamaian Malaysia telah berkontribusi pada banyak misi penjaga perdamaian PBB, seperti di Kongo, Iran–Irak, Namibia, Kamboja, Bosnia dan Herzegovina, Somalia, Kosovo, Timor Timur dan Lebanon.<ref name="state.gov" /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034708/http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2013 |title=Malaysia – Permanent Missions to the United Nations |publisher=United Nations |date=12 February 2013 |access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref>
Pengaturan Pertahanan Lima Kekuatan adalah prakarsa keamanan regional yang telah ada selama hampir 40 tahun. Ini melibatkan latihan militer bersama yang diadakan antara Malaysia, Singapura, Australia, Selandia Baru, dan Inggris.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249 |title=Australia says major military exercise underway in Malaysia |work=My Sinchew |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201942/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Latihan bersama dan latihan perang juga telah diadakan dengan Brunei,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise |title=Brunei, M'sia train in 11th military exercise |last=Wood |first=Daniel |work=The Brunei Times |date=20 April 2014 |access-date=5 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141208183256/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise |archive-date=8 December 2014 }}</ref> Tiongkok,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|title=First China-Malaysia joint military exercise held in Malacca Strait|author=Yao Jianing|work=China Military Online|publisher=[[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China]]|date=17 September 2015|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001184454/http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-date=1 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|title=First Ever Joint Army exercise on Malaysian Soil Commences with Handing-Over of Troops Ceremony|author=Aman Anand|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (India)|date=30 April 2018|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001183858/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-date=1 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Indonesia,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister |title=Indonesia-Malaysia military exercises must continue – defence minister |work=ANTARA News |date=13 September 2010 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922134210/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister |archive-date=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jepang,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|title=Japan, Malaysia sign defence accord|author=John Grevatt|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|date=12 September 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001185203/https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-date=1 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> dan Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/ |title=Malaysia, US armed forces in joint exercise |work=The Star |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=25 August 2014 |access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, dan Vietnam telah sepakat untuk menjadi tuan rumah latihan pasukan keamanan gabungan untuk mengamankan perbatasan laut mereka dan mengatasi masalah seperti imigrasi ilegal, pembajakan, dan penyelundupan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096 |title=Malaysia, Philippines committed to enhancing border security |work=My Sinchew |date=9 August 2010 |access-date=18 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205247/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf |title=Piracy in Southeast Asia: Organised Criminal Syndicates or Small Scale Opportunists?|work=Gray Page |date=April 2013 |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150724082702/http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2015|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/ |title=Malaysia, Thailand military exercise to include other agencies, Asean members |last=Carvalho |first=Martin |work=The Star |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=15 May 2012 |access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
=== Pembagian administratif ===
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