Peringkat Akademik Universitas Dunia: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Sejak 2009, daftar peringkat ARWU telah diterbitkan setiap tahunnya dan dilindungi hak cipta oleh Shanghai Ranking Consultancy, sebuah organisasi yang berfokus pada pendidikan tinggi dan secara hukum tidak tunduk serta tidak terikat kepada universitas atau lembaga pemerintah mana pun.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/aboutarwu.html|title=About Academic Ranking of World Universities|date=2014|publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy|access-date=26 September 2014|quote=Since 2009 the Academic Ranking of World Universities has been published and copyrighted by ShanghaiRanking Consultancy.|archive-date=2021-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228035247/http://www.shanghairanking.com/aboutarwu.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada tahun 2011, dewan penasihat internasional yang terdiri dari para sarjana dan peneliti kebijakan dibentuk untuk memberikan saran.<ref name="ABSCBN">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/08/12/10/shanghai-rankings-rattle-european-universities|title=Shanghai rankings rattle European universities|date=8 December 2010|publisher=ABS-CBN Interactive|access-date=27 January 2015|quote=France's higher education minister travelled to Jiaotong University's suburban campus last month to discuss the rankings, the Norwegian education minister came last year and the Danish minister is due to visit next month.; The idea for the rankings was born in 1998, when Beijing decreed China needed several world-leading universities.}}</ref><ref name="ARWUconsultants">{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/aboutiab.html|title=ARWU International Advisory Board|date=2014|publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-date=2015-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211033813/http://www.shanghairanking.com/aboutiab.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Daftar ARWU saat ini mencakup daftar peringkat institusi pendidikan tinggi global secara keseluruhan dan untuk pilihan mata pelajaran individu, selain itu ada juga daftar "Peringkat Tiongkok Raya" dan "Peringkat HEI Makedonia" regional independen.
ARWU dianggap sebagai salah satu dari tiga pemeringkat universitas yang paling berpengaruh dan diamati secara luas, di samping ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' dan ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://qswownews.com/history-development-higher-education-ranking-systems/|title=The history and development of higher education ranking systems - QS WOWNEWS|last=Network|first=QS Asia News|date=2018-03-02|work=QS WOWNEWS|access-date=2018-03-29|archive-date=2018-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821112252/https://qswownews.com/history-development-higher-education-ranking-systems/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/aboutarwu.html|title=About Academic Ranking of World Universities {{!}} About ARWU|website=www.shanghairanking.com|access-date=2018-03-29|archive-date=2021-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228035247/http://www.shanghairanking.com/aboutarwu.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="New world university ranking puts Harvard back on top">{{cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/2010/0916/New-world-university-ranking-puts-Harvard-back-on-top|title=New world university ranking puts Harvard back on top|journal=Christian Science Monitor|author=Ariel Zirulnick|quote=Those two, as well as Shanghai Jiao Tong University, produce the most influential international university rankings out there|date=2010-09-16}}</ref><ref name="edmont">{{cite news|title=Top schools don't always get top marks |author=Indira Samarasekera & Carl Amrhein |newspaper=The Edmonton Journal |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/schools+always+marks/3560240/story.html |quote=There are currently three major international rankings that receive widespread commentary: The Academic World Ranking of Universities, the QS World University Rankings and the Times Higher Education Rankings. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003203348/http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/schools%2Balways%2Bmarks/3560240/story.html |archive-date=October 3, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2010/11/11/altbach|title=The State of the Rankings|website=Inside Higher Ed|author=Philip G. Altbach|date=11 November 2010|access-date=27 January 2015|quote=The major international rankings have appeared in recent months — the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the QS World University Rankings, and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings (THE).|archive-date=2014-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219200436/https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2010/11/11/altbach|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/09/172958/strength-and-weakness-varsity-rankings|title=Strength and weakness of varsity rankings|date=2016-09-14|work=NST Online|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/9584155/University-rankings-which-world-university-rankings-should-we-trust.html|title=University rankings: which world university rankings should we trust?|journal=Daily Telegraph|last=Marszal|first=Andrew|date=2012-10-04|access-date=2018-03-29|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> ARWU banyak menerima [[umpan balik]] positif untuk objektivitas dan metodologinya,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> tetapi menuai kritik luas karena gagal menyesuaikan dengan ukuran institusi, sehingga institusi pendidikan yang lebih besar cenderung menempati peringkat di atas yang lebih kecil.<ref name="edmont" /><ref name="EU">{{cite web|url=http://lajeunepolitique.com/2013/08/29/shanghai-academic-ranking-a-french-controversy/ |title="Shanghai Academic Ranking: a French Controversy" by Marc Goetzmann, for ''La Jeune Politique'' |publisher=Lajeunepolitique.com |date=29 August 2013 |access-date=9 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109003645/http://lajeunepolitique.com/2013/08/29/shanghai-academic-ranking-a-french-controversy/ |archive-date=9 January 2015 }}</ref><ref name="HEPI">{{cite web|url=http://www.hepi.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Hepi_International-university-rankings-For-good-or-for-ill-REPORT-89-10_12_16_Screen.pdf|title=International university rankings: For good or ill?|author=Bahram Bekhradnia |publisher=Higher Education Policy Institute|date=15 December 2016|access-date=10 June 2017|quote =ARWU presents a further data issue. Whereas in the case of the other rankings the results are adjusted to take account of the size of institutions, hardly any such adjustment is made by ARWU. So there is a distortion in favour of large institutions. If two institutions were to merge, the very fact of merger would mean that the merged institution would do nearly twice as well as either of the individual institutions prior to merger, although nothing else had changed.|page=16}}</ref>
== Peringkat global ==
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