Perang Dunia II: Perbedaan antara revisi
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}} (Table 11).</ref> Pasukan Jepang juga memenangkan pertempuran laut di [[Penenggelaman Prince of Wales dan Repulse|Laut Tiongkok Selatan]], [[Pertempuran Laut Jawa|Laut Jawa]], dan [[Serangan Samudra Hindia (1942)|Samudra Hindia]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hill|first1=J. R.|last2=Ranft|first2=Bryan|title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_b6f8|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-860527-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_b6f8/page/n383 362]}}</ref> dan [[Pengeboman Darwin|mengebom pangkalan laut Sekutu]] di [[Darwin, Teritori Utara|Darwin]], Australia. Satu-satunya kesuksesan sejati Sekutu melawan Jepang adalah [[Pertempuran Changsha (1942)|kemenangan Tiongkok di Changsha]] pada awal Januari 1942.<ref name="ChinaBitter158">{{Harvnb|Hsiung|1992|p=158}}</ref> Kemenangan-kemenangan mudah atas lawan yang tidak punya persiapan ini membuat Jepang terlalu percaya diri dan berlebihan.<ref>{{Cite book
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ahYF-A3oylkC&pg=PA145
|title=The history of Japan
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Setelah Kampanye Guadalcanal, Sekutu memulai sejumlah operasi melawan Jepang di Pasifik. Pada bulan Mei 1943, pasukan Sekutu dikirim untuk [[Kampanye Kepulauan Aleut#Tanggapan Sekutu|mengusir pasukan Jepang dari Kepulauan Aleut]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=John Herd|last2=Randall|first2=Stephen J|year=1994|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=0-8203-2403-5|title=Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies|url=https://archive.org/details/canadaunitedstat00thom_1|page=[https://archive.org/details/canadaunitedstat00thom_1/page/164 164]}}</ref> dan segera memulai operasi besar untuk [[Operasi Cartwheel|mengisolasi Rabaul dengan menduduki pulau-pulau sekitarnya]], dan [[Kampanye Kepulauan Gilbert dan Marshall|menembus perimeter Pasifik Tengah Jepang di Kepulauan Gilbert dan Marshall]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kennedy|first=David M|title=Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/freedomfromfeara00kenn|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-19-503834-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/freedomfromfeara00kenn/page/n655 610]}}</ref> Pada akhir Maret 1944, Sekutu menyelesaikan kedua misi ini, dan selain itu [[Operasi Hailstone|menetralisasi pangkalan Jepang di Truk]] di [[Kepulauan Caroline]]. Bulan April, Sekutu melancarkan operasi [[Kampanye Nugini Barat|mencaplok kembali Nugini Barat]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rottman|first=Gordon L|title=World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=0-313-31395-4|page=228}}</ref>
Di Uni Soviet, baik Jerman dan Soviet menghabiskan musim semi dan awal musim panas 1943 dengan bersiap-siap untuk serangan besar di Rusia Tengah. Tanggal 4 Juli 1943, Jerman [[Pertempuran Kursk|menyerang pasukan Soviet di sekitar Kursk Bulge]]. Dalam satu minggu, pasukan Jerman lelah menghadapi pertahanan Soviet yang sangat teratur<ref>{{Cite journal|first=David M.|last=Glantz|work=CSI Report No. 11.|title=Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943|publisher=Combined Arms Research Library|url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp|archivedate=2008-03-06|date=September 1986|oclc=278029256|accessdate=17 February 2010|journal=|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Soviet military deception in the Second World War|first=David M|last=Glantz|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|isbn=978-0-7146-3347-3|pages=149–59}}</ref> dan, untuk pertama kalinya dalam perang ini, Hitler membatalkan sebuah operasi sebelum memperoleh kesuksesan taktis atau operasional.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kershaw|first=Ian|title=Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2001|isbn=0-393-32252-1|page=592}}</ref> Keputusan ini sebagian dipengaruhi oleh [[invasi Sekutu ke Sisilia|invasi Sisilia]] oleh Sekutu Barat pada 9 Juli yang, bersama kegagalan-kegagalan Italia sebelumnya, berujung pada penggulingan dan penahanan Mussolini pada akhir bulan itu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Reilly|first=Charles T|title=Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2001|isbn=0-7391-0195-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei/page/n43 32]}}</ref>
Tanggal 12 Juli 1943, Soviet melancarkan [[Operasi Kutuzov|serangan balasannya]] sendiri, sehingga memupuskan harapan apapun bagi Angkatan Darat Jerman untuk memenangkan pertempuran atau buntu di timur. Kemenangan Soviet di Kursk menandai kejatuhan superioritas Jerman<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellamy|first=Chris T|title=Absolute war: Soviet Russia in the Second World War|url=https://archive.org/details/absolutewarsovie0000bell_x5w0|publisher=BAlfred A. Knopf|year=2007|isbn=0-375-41086-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/absolutewarsovie0000bell_x5w0/page/595 595]}}</ref> dan memberi Uni Soviet inisiatif di Front Timur.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Reilly|first=Charles T|title=Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2001|isbn=0-7391-0195-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei/page/n46 35]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Healy|first=Mark|title=Kursk 1943: The tide turns in the East|url=https://archive.org/details/kursktideturnsea00heal|page=[https://archive.org/details/kursktideturnsea00heal/page/n46 90]|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1992|isbn=1-85532-211-0}}</ref> Jerman berusaha menstabilkan front timur mereka di sepanjang [[garis Panther-Wotan]] yang sangat dipertahankan, namun Soviet berhasil mendobraknya di [[Pertempuran Smolensk (1943)|Smolensk]] dan [[Serangan Dnieper Hilir]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|pp=50–55}}</ref>
Pada awal September 1943, Sekutu Barat [[Invasi Sekutu ke Italia|menyerbu daratan Italia]], diikuti [[Gencatan senjata antara angkatan bersenjata Italia dan Sekutu|gencatan senjata Italia dengan Sekutu]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=McGowen|first=Tom|title=Assault From The Sea: Amphibious Invasions in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2002|isbn=0-7613-1811-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo/page/43 43]–44}}</ref> Jerman menanggapinya dengan melumpuhkan pasukan Italia, mengambil alih kendali militer di wilayah Italia,<ref>{{cite book|last=Mazower|first=Mark|title=Hitler's Empire : Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersempirenaz0000mazo_m1t1|year=2009|publisher=Penguin|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-101192-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersempirenaz0000mazo_m1t1/page/362 362]}}</ref> dan membuat serangkaian garis pertahanan.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hart|first1=Stephen|last2=Hart|first2=Russell|last3=Hughes|first3=Matthew|title=The German Soldier in World War II|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|isbn=0-7603-0846-2|year=2000|page=151}}</ref> Pasukan khusus Jerman kemudian [[Serangan Gran Sasso|menyelamatkan Mussolini]], yang kemudian mendirikan negara klien baru di Italia dudukan Jerman bernama [[Republik Sosial Italia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blinkhorn|first=Martin|title=Mussolini and Fascist Italy|url=https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin_a3q2|page=[https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin_a3q2/page/n52 52]|year=1984|publisher=Methuen & Co|isbn=0-415-10231-6}}</ref> Sekutu Barat berperang melintasi beberapa garis hingga [[Garis Musim Dingin|garis pertahanan utama Jerman]] pada pertengahan November.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Read|first1=Anthony|last2=Fisher|first2=David|title=The Fall of Berlin|page=129|publisher=Hutchinson|isbn=0-09-175337-6|year=1992}}</ref>
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Pada bulan Februari, Soviet [[Serangan Silesia|menginvasi Silesia]] dan [[Serangan Pomerania Timur|Pomerania]], sementara [[Invasi Sekutu Barat ke Jerman|Sekutu Barat memasuki Jerman Barat]] dan mendekati Sungai [[Rhine]]. Bulan Maret, Sekutu Barat melintasi Rhine di [[Operasi Plunder|utara]] dan [[Remagen|selatan]] [[Rhine-Ruhr|Ruhr]], [[Kantung Ruhr|mengepung Grup Agkatan Darat Jerman B]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Tom|title=Europe's troubled peace, 1945–2000|url=https://archive.org/details/europestroubledp0000buch|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2006|isbn=0-631-22163-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/europestroubledp0000buch/page/21 21]}}</ref> sementara Soviet melaju ke [[Wina]]. Pada awal April, Sekutu Barat akhirnya [[Serangan musim semi 1945 di Italia|berhasil membuat kemajuan di Italia]] dan bergerak melintasi Jerman Barat, sementara pasukan Soviet menyerbu Berlin pada akhir April; [[Hari Elbe|kedua pasukan bertemu di sungai Elbe]] tanggal 25 April. Tanggal 30 April 1945, [[Gedung Reichstag|Reichstag]] diduduki dan menandakan kekalahan militer Reich Ketiga.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Donald E|last=Shepardson|title=The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_1998-01_62_1/page/135|journal=The Journal of Military History|volume=62|issue=1|year=1998|pages=135–154|doi=10.2307/120398|jstor=120398}}</ref>
Sejumlah perubahan kepemimpinan terjadi pada masa ini. Tanggal 12 April, Presiden A.S. Roosevelt meninggal dunia dan digantikan oleh [[Harry Truman]]. Benito Mussolini dibunuh oleh [[gerakan pemberontakan Italia|partisan Italia]] tanggal 28 April.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Reilly|first=Charles T|title=Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2001|isbn=0-7391-0195-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei/page/n255 244]}}</ref> Dua hari kemudian, [[Kematian Adolf Hitler|Hitler bunuh diri]] dan digantikan oleh [[Laksamana Agung]] [[Karl Dönitz]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kershaw|2001|p=823}}</ref>
Pasukan Jerman menyerah di Italia pada tanggal 29 April. [[Instrumen Penyerahan Diri Jerman]] ditandatangani [[Hari Kemenangan di Eropa|tanggal 7 Mei]] di [[Reims]],<ref name="BritWarxiv">{{Cite book|last=Donnelly|first=Mark|title=Britain in the Second World War|url=https://archive.org/details/britaininsecondw0000donn|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=0-415-17425-2|page=xiv}}</ref> dan diratifikasi [[Hari Kemenangan (Front Timur)|tanggal 8 Mei]] di Berlin.<ref>Pinkus, Oscar . The war aims and strategies of Adolf Hitler, McFarland, 2005, ISBN 0-7864-2054-5, ISBN 978-0-7864-2054-4, p. 501-3</ref> Pusat Grup Angkatan Darat Jerman [[Serangan Praha|bertahan di Praha]] sampai 11 Mei.<ref name="Glantz">{{Cite book|last=Glantz|first=David M.|title=When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler|url=https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan|publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]]|location=Lawrence, Kansas|year=1995|isbn=0-7006-0899-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan/page/n84 34]}}</ref>
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:{{Cite book|editor1-last=Dear|editor1-first=I. C. B.|editorformat=scap|editor1-link=I. C. B. Dear|editor2-last=Foot|editor2-first=M. R. D.|editor2-link=M. R. D. Foot|year=2001|origyear=1995|title=The Oxford Companion to World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-860446-4|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=DeLong|first1=J. Bradford|authorformat=scap|author1-link=J. Bradford DeLong|last2=Eichengreen|first2=Barry|author2-link=Barry Eichengreen|year=1993|chapter=The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program|title=''In [[Rudi Dornbusch|Rudiger Dornbusch]], Wilhelm Nölling and [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard|Richard Layard]], eds.,'' Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ''(pp. 189–230)''|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-04136-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Douglas|first=R. M.|authorformat=scap|year=2012|title=Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War|url=https://archive.org/details/orderlyhumaneexp0000doug|location=New Haven, CT|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-16660-6|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Dower|first=John W.|authorformat=scap|authorlink=John W. Dower|year=1986|title=War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War|url=https://archive.org/details/warwithoutmercyr00dowe|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[Pantheon Books]]|isbn=978-0-394-50030-0|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Drea|first=Edward J.|authorformat=scap|year=2003|title=In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army|location=Lincoln, NE|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-0-8032-6638-4|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|last=Liberman|first=Peter|authorformat=scap|year=1996|title=Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies|url=https://archive.org/details/doesconquestpaye0000libe|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]isbn=978-0-691-02986-3|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Lightbody|first=Bradley|authorformat=scap|year=2004|title=The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis|location=London & New York, NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-22404-8|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Lilly|first=J. Robert|authorformat=scap|year=2007|title=Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/takenbyforcerape0000lill|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-50647-3|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Lindberg|first1=Michael|authorformat=scap|last2=Todd|first2=Daniel|year=2001|title=Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present|location=Westport, CT|publisher=[[Praeger]]|isbn=978-0-275-96486-3|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Lowe|first1=C. J.|authorformat=scap|last2=Marzari|first2=F.|year=2002|title=Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-26681-9|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|author=———|year=2004|title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia|url=https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|isbn=978-0-393-02030-4|ref=CITEREFOvery2004}}
:{{Cite book|last1=———|last2=Wheatcroft|first2=Andrew|year=1999|title=The Road to War|url=https://archive.org/details/roadtowar00over|edition=2nd|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-028530-7|ref=CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999}}
:{{Cite book|last=O'Reilly|first=Charles T.|authorformat=scap|year=2001|title=Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|isbn=978-0-7391-0195-7|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Painter|first=David S.|authorformat=scap|authorlink=David S. Painter|year=2012|title=Oil and the American Century|url=http://jah.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/1/24.full.pdf|journal=[[The Journal of American History]]|volume=99|issue=1|pages=24–39|doi=10.1093/jahist/jas073|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Padfield|first=Peter|authorformat=scap|year=1998|title=War Beneath the Sea: Submarine Conflict During World War II|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|John Wiley]]|isbn=978-0-471-24945-0|ref=harv}}
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