Gejala Covid-19: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Gejala COVID-19''' bervariasi, mulai dari gejala ringan hingga berat.<ref name="CDC2020Sym">{{Cite web|date=22 Februari 2021|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=28 Februari 2021|rev=22 Februari 2021}}</ref> Gejala yang umum ditemukan meliputi [[sakit kepala]], [[Anosmia|kehilangan indera penciuman]] dan [[Ageusia|indera perasa]], hidung tersumbat yang disertai [[pilek]], batuk, nyeri otot, [[sakit tenggorokan]], [[demam]], [[diare]], dan sesak nafas.<ref name="ECDC-CLINICAL">{{Cite web|title=Clinical characteristics of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/clinical|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en|access-date=28 Februari 2021}}</ref> Meskipun demikian, penderita yang terinfeksi mungkin saja mendapati gejala yang berbeda.
Terdapat tiga kelompok gejala yang telah teridentifikasi. Kelompok gejala pertama meliputi gejala-gejala pernapasan, seperti batuk, [[dahak]], napas pendek, dan demam. Kelompok gejala kedua meliputi gejala-gejala muskuloskeletal, seperti nyeri pada otot dan [[sendi]], sakit kepala, dan kelelahan. Kelompok gejala ketiga meliputi gejala-gejala pencernaan, seperti sakit pada bagian perut, muntah, dan diare.<ref name="ECDC-CLINICAL" /> Pada orang-orang yang sebelumnya tidak mengalami gejala, hilangnya indera penciuman dan perasa bisa menjadi gejala pertama penyakit [[Penyakit koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Niazkar|first=Hamid Reza|last2=Zibaee|first2=Behdad|last3=Nasimi|first3=Ali|last4=Bahri|first4=Narjes|date=2020-07-01|title=The neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a review article|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04486-3|journal=Neurological Sciences|language=en|volume=41|issue=7|pages=1667–1671|doi=10.1007/s10072-020-04486-3|issn=1590-3478|pmc=PMC7262683|pmid=32483687}}</ref>
Kebanyakan penderita (81%) mengalami gejala ringan hingga sedang (seperti [[pneumonia]] ringan), sementara 14% lainnya mendapati gejala berat (seperti [[dispnea]] dan [[hipoksia]]) dan 5% sisanya mendapati gejala kritis (seperti [[Kegagalan pernapasan|kegagalan sistem pernapasan]], [[syok]], dan disfungsi organ).<ref name="CDC Interim Guidance">{{cite web|date=6 April 2020|title=Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302201644/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html|archive-date=2 March 2020|access-date=19 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Setidaknya sepertiga penderita yang terinfeksi virus ini tidak menunjukkan gejala dalam selang waktu tertentu, atau disebut [[asimtomatik]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oran|first=Daniel P.|last2=Topol|first2=Eric J.|date=2021-01-22|title=The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic|url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-6976|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|doi=10.7326/M20-6976|issn=0003-4819|pmc=7839426}}</ref> Penderita asimtomatik seperti ini memiliki kemungkinan untuk tidak menjalani tes COVID-19,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hao|first=Xingjie|last2=Cheng|first2=Shanshan|last3=Wu|first3=Degang|last4=Wu|first4=Tangchun|last5=Lin|first5=Xihong|last6=Wang|first6=Chaolong|date=2020-08|title=Reconstruction of the full transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in Wuhan|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2554-8|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=584|issue=7821|pages=420–424|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2554-8|issn=1476-4687|quote=We estimate 87% (lower bound, 53%) of the infections before 8 March 2020 were unascertained (potentially including asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic individuals); and a basic reproduction number (R0) of 3.54 (95% credible interval 3.40–3.67) in the early outbreak, much higher than that of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).}}</ref> tetapi tetap dapat menyebarkan virus.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|date=June 2020|title=Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths|journal=Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi|volume=53|issue=3|pages=404–412|doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012|pmc=7128959|pmid=32173241|vauthors=Lai CC, Liu YH, Wang CY, Wang YH, Hsueh SC, Yen MY, Ko WC, Hsueh PR}}</ref> Beberapa penderita COVID-19 juga baru menunjukkan gejala setelah selang waktu tertentu, atau disebut "presimtomatik".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Furukawa|first1=Nathan W.|last2=Brooks|first2=John T.|last3=Sobel|first3=Jeremy|date=4 May 2020|title=Evidence Supporting Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 While Presymptomatic or Asymptomatic|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-1595_article|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=26|issue=7|doi=10.3201/eid2607.201595|pmc=7323549|pmid=32364890|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>
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=== Kehilangan indera penciuman dan perasa ===
Sejumlah penderita mengalami kehilangan sementara pada indera penciuman (disebut [[anosmia]]), perubahan rasa makanan (''[[dysgeusia]]''), atau gangguan lain pada indera penciuman dan perasa mereka.<ref name=":10" />{{Refpage|1629}} Gejala seperti ini sering kali muncul pada awal penyakit dan paling banyak ditemukan pada penderita usia muda. Meskipun tidak semua penderita COVID-19 mengalami gejala ini, kehilangan indera penciuman dan perasa merupakan gejala yang tidak biasa ditemukan pada [[penyakit pernapasan]] lainnya sehingga dapat digunakan untuk deteksi dini COVID-19 berbasis gejala.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal|date=Agustus 2020|title=Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=95|issue=8|pages=1621–1631|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.030|pmc=7275152|pmid=32753137|vauthors=Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R}}</ref>{{Refpage|1621-1622}}
=== Gejala neurologis ===
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== Komplikasi ==
Komplikasi dapat berupa [[pneumonia]], [[sindrom gangguan pernapasan akut]] (ARDS), [[sindrom disfungsi multiorgan]], [[syok septik]], hingga kematian.<ref name="StatPearls">{{cite book|last=Cascella|first=Marco|last2=Rajnik|first2=Michael|last3=Cuomo|first3=Arturo|last4=Dulebohn|first4=Scott C.|last5=Di Napoli|first5=Raffaela|date=2020|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pages=14|chapter=Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19)|pmid=32150360|access-date=25 Maret 2021|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kompilkasi pada sistem kardiovaskular dapat meliputi [[gagal jantung]],<ref name=":03">{{cite journal|date=July 2020|title=Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19|journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=38|issue=7|pages=1506|doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.048|pmc=7165109|pmid=32317203|vauthors=Long B, Brady WJ, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M}}</ref> [[aritmia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Siripanthong|first=Bhurint|year=2020|title=Recognizing COVID-19–related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management|journal=Heart Rhythm|volume=17|issue=9|pages=1463–1471|doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.001|pmc=7199677|pmid=32387246}}</ref> dan [[Miokarditis|inflamasi jantung]].<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, Shchendrygina A, Escher F, Vasa-Nicotera M, Zeiher AM, Vehreschild M, Nagel E|date=July 2020|title=Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|journal=JAMA Cardiology|volume=5|issue=11|pages=1265–1273|doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557|pmc=7385689|pmid=32730619|lay-url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/27/covid19-concerns-about-lasting-heart-damage/|doi-access=free}}</ref> Komplikasi neurologis dapat berupa [[Sindrom Guillain–Barré]] yang dapat disertai hilangnya fungsi motorik.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Toscano|first=Gianpaolo|year=2020|title=Guillain–Barré Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=26|pages=2574–2576|doi=10.1056/NEJMc2009191|pmc=7182017|pmid=32302082}}</ref> Anak-anak yang terinfeksi penyakit ini dapat mengalami komplikasi berupa [[Sindrom peradangan multisistem pada anak-anak|sindrom peradangan multisistem]] dengan gejala mirip seperti [[penyakit Kawasaki]] yang dapat berakibat fatal.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00432.asp|title=HAN Archive – 00432|date=14 Mei 2020|access-date=25 Maret 2021|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref>
== Efek jangka panjang ==
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