Negara-negara Tentara Salib: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 155:
After Hattin, the Franks lost their cities, lands, and churches. Barons fled to Cyprus and intermarried with leading new emigres from the Lusignan, [[County of Montbéliard|Montbéliard]], [[County of Brienne|Brienne]] and [[House of Montfort|Montfort]] families. This created a separate class—the remnants of the old nobility with a limited understanding of the Latin East. This included the king-consorts Guy, Conrad, Henry, Aimery, John, and the absent [[Hohenstaufen]] dynasty that followed.{{sfn|MacEvitt|2008|p=139}} The barons of Jerusalem in the 13th{{nbsp}}century have been poorly regarded by both contemporary and modern commentators: their superficial rhetoric disgusted [[Jacques de Vitry]]; Riley-Smith writes of their pedantry and the use of spurious legal justification for political action. The barons valued this ability to articulate the law.{{sfn|Jotischky|2004|p=226}} This is evidenced by the elaborate and impressive treatises of the baronial jurists from the second half of the 13th{{nbsp}}century.{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1971|p=179-180, 204}}
From May 1229, when Frederick II left the Holy Land to defend his Italian and German lands, monarchs were absent. Conrad was titular king from 1225 until 1254, and his son Conradin until 1268 when Charles of Anjou executed him. The monarchy of Jerusalem had limited power in comparison with the West, where rulers developed bureaucratic machinery for administration, jurisdiction, and legislation through which they exercised control.{{sfn|Prawer|1972|pp=108, 112–113}} In 1242 the Barons prevailed and appointed a succession of Ibelin and Cypriot regents.{{sfn|Tyerman |2019|p=268}} Centralised government collapsed in the face of independence exercised by the nobility, military orders, and Italian communes. The three Cypriot Lusignan kings who succeeded lacked the resources to recover the lost territory. One claimant sold the title of king to Charles of Anjou. He gained power for a short while but never visited the kingdom. {{sfn|Prawer|1972|pp=108–109}} -->
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=== Ukuran dan perekrutan ===
All estimates of the size of Frankish and Muslim armies are uncertain; existing accounts indicate that it is probable that the Franks of Outremer raised the largest armies in the Catholic world. As early as 1111, the four crusader states fielded 16,000 troops to launch a joint military campaign against Shaizar. Edessa and Tripoli raised armies numbering 1,000–3,000 troops, Antioch and Jerusalem deployed 4,000–6,000 soldiers. In comparison, [[William the Conqueror]] commanded 5,000–7,000 troops [[Battle of Hastings|at Hastings]] and 12,000 crusaders fought against the Moors [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa|at Las Navas de Tolosa]] in Iberia.{{sfn|Morton|2020|pp=9–11, 32, 41, 47–48, 153–159}} Among the Franks' early enemies, the Fatimids possessed 10,000–12,000 troops, the rulers of Aleppo had 7,000–8,000 soldiers, and the Damascene {{lang|tk|atabegs}} commanded 2,000–5,000 troops. The Artuqids could hire as many as 30,000 Turks, but these nomadic warriors were unfit for lengthy sieges. After uniting Egypt, Syria, and much of Iraq, Saladin raised armies around 20,000 strong. In response, the Franks quickly increased their military force up to around 18,000 troops, but not without implementing austerity measures.{{sfn|Morton|2020|pp=55, 57, 64, 69, 90–91, 160–161}} In the 13th century, the control of Acre's lucrative commerce provided the resources to maintain sizeable armies.{{sfn|Tyerman|2007|pp=717, 970 (note 10)}} At La Forbie, 16,000 Frankish warriors perished in the battlefield, but this was the last occasion when a united Jerusalemite army fought a pitched battle.{{sfn|Jotischky|2004|p=246}} During the 1291 siege of Acre, about 15,000 Frankish troops defended the city against more than 60,000 Mamluk warriors.{{sfn|Tyerman|2007|p=820}}
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