Pemutihan karang: Perbedaan antara revisi

* Polusi dari tumpahan minyak atau bahan kimia lainnya<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |url=https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/how-do-oil-spills-affect-coral-reefs.html|title=How Do Oil Spills Affect Coral Reefs? |website=response.restoration.noaa.gov |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135634/https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/how-do-oil-spills-affect-coral-reefs.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

* Perubahan struktur kimia air, khususnya ketidakseimbangan rasio makronutrien nitrat dan fosfat<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wiedenmann |first1=Jörg |last2=D’Angelo |first2=Cecilia |last3=Smith |first3=Edward G. |last4=Hunt |first4=Alan N. |last5=Legiret |first5=François-Eric |last6=Postle |first6=Anthony D. |last7=Achterberg |first7=Eric P. |date=February 2013 |title=Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1661 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=160–164 |doi=10.1038/nclimate1661 |bibcode=2013NatCC...3..160W |issn=1758-6798}}</ref>

 

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