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[[File:Vladimir Putin and Khaltmaagiin Battulga (2017-09-07) 01.jpg|thumb|Presiden Mongolia [[Khaltmaagiin Battulga]] dan [[Vladimir Putin]] di [[Vladivostok]], September 2017]]
Hubungan luar negeri Mongolia secara tradisional berfokus pada dua tetangga besarnya, [[Rusia]] dan [[Tiongkok|Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dierkes |first=Julian |date=16 February 2018 |title=Can Mongolia's Brash New President Navigate Between China and Russia? |work=WPR – World Politics Review |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/22691/can-mongolia-s-brash-new-president-navigate-between-china-and-russia |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909005238/http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/22691/can-mongolia-s-brash-new-president-navigate-between-china-and-russia |archive-date=September 9, 2017 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Mongolia bergantung secara ekonomi pada negara-negara ini: Tiongkok menerima 90% ekspor Mongolia berdasarkan nilai dan menyumbang 60% perdagangan luar negerinya, sementara Rusia memasok 90% kebutuhan energi Mongolia.<ref name="cia" /> Mongolia juga mengejar kemitraan trilateral dengan Tiongkok dan Rusia melalui pipa gas alam [[Power of Siberia|Power of Siberia 2]], yang pembangunannya diharapkan akan dimulai pada tahun 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-08-26 |title=Mongolia Maintains Neutrality After 6 Months of Ukraine War |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-maintains-neutrality-after-6-months-of-ukraine-war |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128053549/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-maintains-neutrality-after-6-months-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live }}</ref> Mitra dagang terpenting Mongolia adalah Tiongkok, dan pemerintah telah berusaha menghindari [[Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Tiongkok|konfrontasi AS-Tiongkok]] saat ini.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2021-07-28 |title=Mongolia forced to choose sides as 'friends' fight |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-forced-to-choose-sides-as-friends-fight |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925181747/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-forced-to-choose-sides-as-friends-fight |url-status=live }}</ref>
Mongolia telah mulai mencari hubungan positif dengan lebih banyak negara lain terutama dalam hal budaya dan ekonomi, dengan fokus pada mendorong investasi asing dan perdagangan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Country Brief |url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/mongolia/pages/mongolia-country-brief.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814043540/http://dfat.gov.au/geo/mongolia/Pages/mongolia-country-brief.aspx |archive-date=August 14, 2015 |access-date=18 February 2018 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Government of Australia |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Mongolia telah menerapkan kebijakan luar negeri tetangga ketiga sejak awal 1990-an untuk membangun hubungan dan kemitraan yang lebih dalam dengan negara-negara di luar kedua tetangganya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-04-26 |title=Why Mongolians Won't Take Sides in the Ukraine War |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolians-won-t-take-sides-in-the-ukraine-war |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701025457/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolians-won-t-take-sides-in-the-ukraine-war |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kemudian [[Daftar Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat|Wakil Presiden AS]], [[Joe Biden]], mengunjungi Mongolia pada tahun 2011 untuk mendukung kebijakan tetangga ketiga Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levick |first=Ewen |date=2020-11-17 |title=Why Mongolia matters to Joe Biden |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolia-matters-to-joe-biden |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325204313/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolia-matters-to-joe-biden |url-status=live }}</ref>
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