Hijabofobia: Perbedaan antara revisi

Hijabofobia adalah istilah yang mengacu pada diskriminasi terhadap wanita yang mengenakan [[cadar]], termasuk hijab, cadar, [[Cadar|niqab]], dan [[Burkak|burqa]]. Ini dianggap sebagai jenis [[Islamofobia]] spesifik gender,<ref name="Hamza">{{cite journal |last1=Manal |first1=Hamzaeh |title=FIFA's double hijabophobia: A colonialist and Islamist alliance racializing Muslim women soccer players |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |date=1 July 2017 |volume=63 |pages=11–16 |issn=0277-5395|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2017.06.003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=MOHAMED-SALIH |first1=Veronica |title=Stereotypes regarding Muslim men and Muslim women on the Romanian Internet: a qualitative comparative analysis for 2004-2009 and 2010-2015 |journal=Journal of Gender and Feminist Studies |issue=4 |url=http://www.analize-journal.ro/library/files/numarul_4/4_6_veronica_mohamed-salih.pdf |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422051511/http://www.analize-journal.ro/library/files/numarul_4/4_6_veronica_mohamed-salih.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hamzeh">{{cite book |last1=Hamzeh |first1=Manal |title=Pedagogies of Deveiling: Muslim Girls and the Hijab Discourse |date=2012 |publisher=IAP |isbn=9781617357244 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211201847/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |url-status=live }}</ref> atau sekadar "permusuhan terhadap hijab".<ref name="Shebaya 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-european-court-has-normalized-hijabophobia_us_58c85d82e4b05675ee9c5b29|title=The European Court Has Normalized Hijabophobia|last=Shebaya|first=Halim|date=15 March 2017|website=Huffington Post|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904135037/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-european-court-has-normalized-hijabophobia_us_58c85d82e4b05675ee9c5b29|url-status=live}}</ref> Istilah ini diterapkan pada wacana yang didasarkan pada representasi kolonial perempuan Muslim sebagai korban yang ditindas oleh budaya [[Misogini|misoginis]] di kalangan akademis.<ref name="Hamzeh"/>

Menurut ''[[Montreal Gazette|The Gazette]]'', hijabofobia dimulai sebagai fenomena nasional [[Prancis]], mengutip [[Kontroversi hijab Islami di Perancis|peristiwa hijab tahun 1989]] (bahasa Prancis: l'affaire du foulard).<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Fourth and Fifth Annual Symposia of the Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America |date=1999 |publisher=IIASA |isbn=9781569230220 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_2OAAAAMAAJ&q=discrimination+against+hijab+Hijabophobia |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623131022/https://books.google.com/books?id=z_2OAAAAMAAJ&q=discrimination+against+hijab+Hijabophobia |url-status=live }}</ref> Di Prancis, menurut Ayhan Kaya, Islamofobia bercampur dengan hijabofobia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaya |first1=Ayhan |title=Islam, Migration and Integration: The Age of Securitization |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137030221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpfgqOtcVmEC&q=Hijabophobia |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215192343/https://books.google.com/books?id=UpfgqOtcVmEC&q=Hijabophobia |url-status=live }}</ref> Dalam sebuah makalah tahun 2012, Hamzeh berpendapat bahwa 'hijabofobia' merangkum aspek [[Seksisme|seksis]] Islamofobia, di mana wanita Muslim menanggung beban [[Daftar insiden Islamofobia|serangan anti-Muslim]].<ref name="Ked"/>{{rp|25}}  Penelitian lain merujuk pada cara Islamofobia dicampur dengan hijabofobia, menciptakan sistem kambing hitam di mana wanita Muslim terstimulasi untuk menggunakan simbol Islam yang terlihat berlebihan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alimahomed-Wilson |first=Sabrina |date=2017-04-01 |title=Invisible Violence: Gender, Islamophobia, and the Hidden Assault on U.S. Muslim Women |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.5.1.0073 |journal=Women, Gender, and Families of Color |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=73–97 |doi=10.5406/womgenfamcol.5.1.0073 |s2cid=157235368 |issn=2326-0939}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keddie |first=Amanda |date=2018-07-04 |title=Disrupting (gendered) Islamophobia: the practice of feminist ijtihad to support the agency of young Muslim women |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09589236.2016.1243047 |journal=Journal of Gender Studies |language=en |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=522–533 |doi=10.1080/09589236.2016.1243047 |s2cid=152069404 |issn=0958-9236}}</ref> Praktik hijab juga dipandang sebagai ketundukan pada wacana patriarki yang dikobarkan oleh media AS dan komunitas Barat sebagai bagian dari agama Islam. Singkatnya, hijab wanita Muslim mengganggu budaya masyarakat Barat karena hijab dianggap sebagai simbol ekstremisme, keterbelakangan, dan penindasan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Joosub |first1=Noorjehan |last2=Ebrahim |first2=Sumayya |date=August 2020 |title=Decolonizing the hijab: An interpretive exploration by two Muslim psychotherapists |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959353520912978 |journal=Feminism & Psychology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=363–380 |doi=10.1177/0959353520912978 |s2cid=218810235 |issn=0959-3535}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dankook University |last2=Eum |first2=IkRan |date=2017-10-10 |title=Korea's response to Islam and Islamophobia: Focusing on veiled Muslim women's experiences |url=https://scholar.kyobobook.co.kr/article/detail/4010026082553 |journal=Korea Observer - Institute of Korean Studies |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=825–849 |doi=10.29152/KOIKS.2017.48.4.825}}</ref>

Ilmuwan politik [[Vincent Geisser]] berpendapat bahwa hijabofobia menjadi lebih luas setelah [[Serangan 11 September 2001|serangan 11 September]], terbukti dengan banyaknya undang-undang yang mengatur dan membatasi hijab di tempat umum dan kantor pemerintahan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW7DBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|title=The Oxford Handbook of European Islam|last=Cesari|first=Jocelyne|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199607976|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211201852/https://books.google.com/books?id=NW7DBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref> Sebuah penelitian menemukan bahwa gadis-gadis Muslim di [[London]] merasakan diskriminasi ketika mengenakan hijab di luar komunitas terdekat mereka, dan merasakan tekanan sosial untuk tidak mengenakan hijab.<ref name="Ked">{{cite book |last1=Keddie |first1=Amanda |title=Supporting and Educating Young Muslim Women: Stories from Australia and the UK |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317308539 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC0lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211201853/https://books.google.com/books?id=DC0lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |url-status=live }}</ref> Selain itu, menurut ACLU, 69% wanita berhijab melaporkan setidaknya satu insiden diskriminasi, dibandingkan dengan 29% wanita yang tidak berhijab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/other/discrimination-against-muslim-women-fact-sheet|title=ACLU|access-date=12 September 2019|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203150241/https://www.aclu.org/other/discrimination-against-muslim-women-fact-sheet|url-status=live}}</ref>