Faktor pertumbuhan saraf: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Faktor pertumbuhan saraf''' ({{lang-en|nerve growth factor, NGF}}) merupakan [[sekresi]] [[protein]] yang berperan dalam proses tumbuh kembang, pemeliharaan dan daya tahan [[neuron]], selain berfungsi sebagai [[molekul]] transduksi sinyal seluler, dan [[sistem kekebalan neuroendokrin]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v40/n4/abs/ng.107.html
| title = Nerve growth factor as a signaling molecule for nerve cells and also for the neuroendocrine-immune systems
| accessdate = 2010-06-24
| work = Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, National Research Council; Fiore M, Chaldakov GN, Aloe L.
| archive-date = 2009-08-05
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805073058/http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v40/n4/abs/ng.107.html
| dead-url = no
}}</ref> Tanpa NGF, neuron akan mengalami [[apoptosis]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14699960
| title = NGF deprivation-induced gene expression: after ten years, where do we stand?
| accessdate = 2010-06-25
| work = Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Freeman RS, Burch RL, Crowder RJ, Lomb DJ, Schoell MC, Straub JA, Xie L.
| archive-date = 2017-03-27
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080532/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14699960
| dead-url = no
}}</ref> NGF merupakan kelompok sub-tipe dari [[neurotrofin]].
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[[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] adalah penemu NGF, yang diikuti penemuan EGF oleh [[Stanley Cohen]] dari [[Universitas Washington]]<ref name="PM11283321">{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283321
| title = Viktor Hamburger and Rita Levi-Montalcini: the path to the discovery of nerve growth factor
| accessdate = 2010-06-25
| work = Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cowan WM.
| archive-date = 2020-04-25
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200425211802/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283321
| dead-url = no
}}</ref> pada sekitar tahun 1950. Walaupun demikian, penemuan ini, bersamaan dengan beberapa penemuan subtipe [[neurotrofin]] lain, tidak diketahui khalayak luas hingga kedua orang tersebut mendapatkan penghargaan Nobel di bidang [[Fisiologi]] atau [[Medis]] pada tahun 1986.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/press.html
| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 - Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
| accessdate = 2010-06-25
| work = The Official Wesite of the Nobel Prize
| archive-date = 2018-03-16
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180316005153/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/press.html
| dead-url = no
}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/presentation-speech.html
| title = Award Ceremony Speech - Presentation Speech by Professor Kerstin Hall of the Karolinska Institute
| accessdate = 2010-06-25
| work = The Official Wesite of the Nobel Prize
| archive-date = 2017-07-21
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170721190922/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/presentation-speech.html
| dead-url = no
}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/levi-montalcini-lecture.html
| title = The Nerve Growth Factor: Thirty-Five Years Later
| accessdate = 2010-06-25
| work = The Official Wesite of the Nobel Prize
| archive-date = 2017-06-10
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170610201641/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/levi-montalcini-lecture.html
| dead-url = no
}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1934, [[Viktor Hamburger]] menjelaskan suatu [[hipoplasia]] [[ganglia dasar]] pada sisi dorsal, dan kolom motor lateral pada [[embrio]] [[ayam]]. Pada awal tahun 1940, Rita Levi-Montalcini mengulangi percobaan ini di [[Turin]] dan berpendapat bahwa hipoplasia, bisa jadi, merupakan akibat dari apoptosis yang dialami [[neurita]] yang belum menyelesaikan proses diferensiasinya.<ref name="PM1469378">{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1469378
| title = History of the discovery of neuronal death in embryos
| accessdate = 2010-06-25
| work = Department of Biology, Washington University; Viktor Hamburger
| archive-date = 2016-09-19
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919143020/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1469378
| dead-url = no
}}</ref>
Baris 47 ⟶ 68:
Pada tahun 2005, [[Enzo Emanuele]] dan para rekan dari [[Universitas Pavia]] menemukan bahwa rasio NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4 yang tinggi pada orang yang mengalami jatuh cinta pertama kali, dengan [[waktu paruh]] sekitar 1 tahun.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16289361
| title = Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love.
| accessdate = 2010-06-25
| work = Interdepartmental Center for Research in Molecular Medicine, CIRMC, University of Pavia; Emanuele E, Politi P, Bianchi M, Minoretti P, Bertona M, Geroldi D.
| archive-date = 2020-05-18
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200518194323/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16289361
| dead-url = no
}}</ref>
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Kedua pencerap ini berperan dalam [[kelainan saraf]], penurunan [[imunitas]] dan mekanisme neuroendokrin, termasuk mekanisme [[adipoendokrin]]. Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa defisiensi sistem saraf yang terjadi selama [[penyakit]] berlangsung dan pada masa tua, terkait dengan menurunnya dukungan neurotrofis.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18056969
| title = ProNGF, sortilin, and age-related neurodegeneration
| accessdate = 2010-07-03
| work = Centre for Biomedical Sciences, University College London; Al-Shawi R, Hafner A, Chun S, Raza S, Crutcher K, Thrasivoulou C, Simons P, Cowen T.
| archive-date = 2019-04-12
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190412040125/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18056969
| dead-url = no
}}</ref> [[Protein]] prekursor dari NGF, disebut proNGF, ditemukan dalam rasio tinggi pada [[otak]] orang dewasa dan penderita penyakit [[Alzheimer]].
proNGF disintesis sebagai [[isoform]] 25 hingga 32 kDa yang kemudian mengalami [[glikosilasi]] guna membentuk [[senyawa organik|senyawa]] 40 kDa. proNGF 40 kDA kemudian di[[sekresi]] sebagai respon terhadap stimulasi saraf, bersama dengan beberapa [[enzim]] [[protease]] yang diperlukan untuk mengirisnya menjadi mNGF ({{lang-en|mature beta-form of nerve growth factor}}) dengan [[massa]] 13 kDa, dan mendegradasi irisan peptida lainnya. proNGF 40 kDa menunjukkan sifat neurotoksis saat terikat bersama pencerap p75 dan pencerap [[sortilin]] (seperti NTS3, pencerap [[neurotensin]]) dan membentuk kompleks heterotrimer.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412630
| title = Neurotoxic and neurotrophic roles of proNGF and the receptor sortilin in the adult and ageing nervous system
| accessdate = 2010-07-03
| work = Centre for Biomedical Sciences, University College London; Al-Shawi R, Hafner A, Olsen J, Chun S, Raza S, Thrasivoulou C, Lovestone S, Killick R, Simons P, Cowen T.
| archive-date = 2009-10-03
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003053252/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412630
| dead-url = no
}}</ref>
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== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9526010 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt protein kinase are necessary and sufficient for the survival of nerve growth factor-dependent sympathetic neurons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717151158/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9526010/ |date=2023-07-17 }}
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