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'''Fluiditas seksual''' ({{lang-en|sexual fluidity}}) adalah satu atau lebih perubahan dalam [[seksualitas]] atau [[identitas seksual]] (kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai identitas orientasi seksual). [[Orientasi seksual]] stabil dan tidak berubah untuk sebagian besar orang, tetapi beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beberapa orang mungkin mengalami perubahan dalam orientasi seksual mereka, dan ini lebih mungkin terjadi pada wanita daripada pria.<ref name="Change">*{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|last2=Vasey|first2=Paul|last3=Diamond|first3=Lisa|last4=Breedlove|first4=S. Marc|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Epprecht|first6=Marc|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|date=2016|volume=17|issue=2|pages=45–101|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|pmid=27113562|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075|quote=Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation.... We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.|doi-access=free|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2019-12-02|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20191202204542/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075_Sexual_Orientation_Controversy_and_Science|dead-url=no}}
*{{cite book|author1=Seth J. Schwartz|author2=Koen Luyckx|author3=Vivian L. Vignoles|title=Handbook of Identity Theory and Research|publisher= Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1441979889|year=2011|page=652|access-date=February 18, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkREWoAUrAUC&pg=PA652|quote=Modern scholarship examining the stability of sexual orientation also seems to support our conceptualizations of sexual orientation, sexual orientation identity, and sexual identity (e.g., Diamond, 2003a; Horowitz & Necomb, 2001; Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, & Braun, 2006, see Savin-Williams, Chapter 28, this volume). Specifically, some dimensions of sexual identity, such as relationships, emotions, behaviors, values, group affiliation, and norms, appear to be relatively fluid; by contrast, sexual orientation [i.e., an individual's patterns of sexual, romantic, and affectional arousal and desire for other persons based on those persons' gender and sex characteristics (APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual orientation, 2009)] has been suggested to be stable for a majority of people across the lifespan (Bell, Weinberg, & Hammersmith, 1981; Ellis & Ames, 1987; Haldeman, 1991; Money, 1987).}} ▼*{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|last2=Vasey|first2=Paul|last3=Diamond|first3=Lisa|last4=Breedlove|first4=S. Marc|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Epprecht|first6=Marc|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|date=2016|volume=17|issue=2|pages=45–101|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|pmid=27113562|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075|quote=Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation.... We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.|doi-access=free}}
▲*{{cite book|author1=Seth J. Schwartz|author2=Koen Luyckx|author3=Vivian L. Vignoles|title=Handbook of Identity Theory and Research|publisher= Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1441979889|year=2011|page=652|access-date=February 18, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkREWoAUrAUC&pg=PA652|quote=Modern scholarship examining the stability of sexual orientation also seems to support our conceptualizations of sexual orientation, sexual orientation identity, and sexual identity (e.g., Diamond, 2003a; Horowitz & Necomb, 2001; Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, & Braun, 2006, see Savin-Williams, Chapter 28, this volume). Specifically, some dimensions of sexual identity, such as relationships, emotions, behaviors, values, group affiliation, and norms, appear to be relatively fluid; by contrast, sexual orientation [i.e., an individual's patterns of sexual, romantic, and affectional arousal and desire for other persons based on those persons' gender and sex characteristics (APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual orientation, 2009)] has been suggested to be stable for a majority of people across the lifespan (Bell, Weinberg, & Hammersmith, 1981; Ellis & Ames, 1987; Haldeman, 1991; Money, 1987).}}
*{{cite book|author1=Dennis Coon|author2=John O. Mitterer|title=Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1111833633|year=2012|page=372|access-date=February 18, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYwjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA372|quote=Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.}}
*{{cite journal | author = American Psychological Association | year = 2012 | title = Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 67 | issue = 1 | pages = 10–42 | doi = 10.1037/a0024659 | pmid = 21875169 | quote = [S]ome research indicates that sexual orientation is fluid for some people; this may be especially true for women (e.g., Diamond, 2007; Golden, 1987; Peplau & Garnets, 2000). [...] Therapeutic efforts to change sexual orientation have increased and become more visible in recent years (Beckstead & Morrow, 2004). Therapeutic interventions intended to change, modify, or manage unwanted nonheterosexual orientations are referred to as “sexual orientation change efforts” (SOCE; APA, 2009b). [...] Reviews of the literature, spanning several decades, have consistently found that efforts to change sexual orientation were ineffective (APA, 2009b; Drescher, 2001; Haldeman, 1994; T. F. Murphy, 1992). | access-date = June 23, 2019 | url = https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/amp-a0024659.pdf | archive-date = 2019-06-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190616065759/https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/amp-a0024659.pdf | dead-url = no }}
*{{cite book|author1=Eric Anderson|author2=Mark McCormack|title=The Changing Dynamics of Bisexual Men's Lives|chapter=Measuring and Surveying Bisexuality|publisher= Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-319-29412-4|year=2016|page=47|access-date=June 22, 2019|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_AgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|quote=[R]esearch suggests that women's sexual orientation is slightly more likely to change than men's (Baumeister 2000; Kinnish et al. 2005). The notion that sexual orientation can change over time is known as ''sexual fluidity''. Even if sexual fluidity exists for some women, it does not mean that the majority of women will change sexual orientations as they age – rather, sexuality is stable over time for the majority of people.|archive-date=2023-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722092519/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_AgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|dead-url=no}}</ref> Tidak ada bukti ilmiah bahwa orientasi seksual dapat diubah melalui [[psikoterapi]].<ref name="APA2012">{{cite journal | author = American Psychological Association | year = 2012 | title = Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 67 | issue = 1 | pages = 10–42 | doi = 10.1037/a0024659 | pmid = 21875169 | quote = Therapeutic efforts to change sexual orientation have increased and become more visible in recent years (Beckstead & Morrow, 2004). Therapeutic interventions intended to change, modify, or manage unwanted nonheterosexual orientations are referred to as "sexual orientation change efforts" (SOCE; APA, 2009b). [...] Reviews of the literature, spanning several decades, have consistently found that efforts to change sexual orientation were ineffective (APA, 2009b; Drescher, 2001; Haldeman, 1994; T. F. Murphy, 1992). | access-date = June 23, 2019 | url = https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/amp-a0024659.pdf | archive-date = 2019-06-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190616065759/https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/amp-a0024659.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref name="RCP">{{cite web|title=Royal College of Psychiatrists' Position Statement on Sexual Orientation|publisher=Royal College of Psychiatrists|access-date=June 21, 2019|url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/PS02_2014.pdf|quote=The College believes strongly in evidence-based treatment. There is no sound scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed. Systematic reviews carried out by both the APA and Serovich ''et al'' suggest that studies which have shown conversion therapies to be successful are seriously methodologically flawed.|archive-date=2019-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517181842/https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/ps02_2014.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Identitas seksual dapat berubah sepanjang hidup seseorang, dan mungkin atau mungkin tidak selaras dengan jenis kelamin biologis, perilaku seksual, atau orientasi seksual yang sebenarnya.<ref name="Sinclair">Sinclair, Karen, About Whoever: The Social Imprint on Identity and Orientation, NY, 2013 {{ISBN|9780981450513}}</ref><ref name="Rosario et al.">{{cite journal | last1 = Rosario | first1 = M. | last2 = Schrimshaw | first2 = E. | last3 = Hunter | first3 = J. |last4 = Braun | first4 = L. | year = 2006 | title = Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 46–58 | doi=10.1080/00224490609552298| pmid = 16817067 | pmc = 3215279 }}</ref><ref name="Concordance/discordance in SO">{{cite journal|first=Michael W.|last=Ross|author2=Essien, E. James |author3=Williams, Mark L. |author4= Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. |title=Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups|publisher=American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association|year=2003|pmid=12567166|journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases|volume=30|issue=2|pages=110–113|doi=10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003|s2cid=21881268}}</ref>
Orientasi seksual bukanlah pilihan.<ref name="pediatrics2004">{{cite journal |doi=10.1542/peds.113.6.1827 |author=Frankowski B.L. |author2=American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence |title=Sexual orientation and adolescents |journal=Pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=1827–32 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15173519 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long |quote= The mechanisms for the development of a particular sexual orientation remain unclear, but the current literature and most scholars in the field state that one’s sexual orientation is not a choice; that is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual or heterosexual. A variety of theories about the influences on sexual orientation have been proposed. Sexual orientation probably is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. |doi-access=free |access-date=2022-07-19 |archive-date=2013-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320020943/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Kersey-Matusiak">{{cite book|author=Gloria Kersey-Matusiak|title=Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care |publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=978-0826193810|year=2012|page=169|access-date=February 10, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8O_wGedAYoC&pg=PA169|quote=Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'|archive-date=2023-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703111829/https://books.google.com/books?id=X8O_wGedAYoC&pg=PA169|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Lamanna">{{cite book|author1=Mary Ann Lamanna|author2=Agnes Riedmann|author3=Susan D Stewart|title=Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1305176898|year=2014|page=82|access-date=February 11, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fofaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|quote=The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).|archive-date=2023-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703111829/https://books.google.com/books?id=fofaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|dead-url=no}}</ref> Tidak ada konsensus tentang penyebab pasti berkembangnya orientasi seksual, tetapi pengaruh genetik, hormonal, sosial dan budaya telah diperiksa.<ref name="Lamanna"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.aspx|title=Answers to Your Questions For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality|publisher=American Psychological Association|access-date=February 9, 2016|archive-date=2019-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120024548/https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.aspx|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Stuart">{{cite book|author=Gail Wiscarz Stuart|title=Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323294126|year=2014|page=502|access-date=February 11, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivALBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|quote=No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.|archive-date=2023-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703111830/https://books.google.com/books?id=ivALBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|dead-url=no}}</ref> Para ilmuwan percaya bahwa itu disebabkan oleh interaksi kompleks dari pengaruh genetik, hormonal, dan lingkungan.<ref name="pediatrics2004"/><ref name="Lamanna"/><ref name="Stuart"/> Meskipun belum ada satu teori pun tentang penyebab orientasi seksual yang mendapat dukungan luas, para ilmuwan lebih menyukai teori berbasis biologis.<ref name="pediatrics2004"/><ref name="Bailey">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|volume=17|issue=21|date=2016|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|pmid=27113562|pages=45–101|doi-access=free}}</ref> Penelitian selama beberapa dekade telah menunjukkan bahwa orientasi seksual dapat berada di titik mana pun di sepanjang kontinum, dari ketertarikan eksklusif pada lawan jenis hingga ketertarikan eksklusif pada sesama jenis.<ref name="AmPsycholAssn-whatis">{{cite web|title=Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality|publisher=American Psychological Association|access-date=August 10, 2013|url=http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx|archive-date=August 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808032050/http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx}}</ref>
Hasil studi longitudinal skala besar oleh Savin-Williams, Joyner, dan Rieger (2012) menunjukkan bahwa stabilitas identitas orientasi seksual selama periode enam tahun lebih umum daripada perubahan, dan stabilitas itu paling besar di antara pria dan mereka yang mengidentifikasi diri sebagai heteroseksual.<ref name="Savin-Williams, R.C. 2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Savin-Williams | first1 = R.C. | last2 = Joyner | first2 = K. | last3 = Rieger | first3 = G. | year = 2012 | title = Prevalence and stability of self-reported sexual orientation identity during young adulthood | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 41| issue = 1| pages = 1–8 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-012-9913-y | pmid=22302504| s2cid = 43225099 }}</ref> Sementara stabilitas mungkin lebih umum daripada perubahan, perubahan identitas orientasi seksual memang terjadi dan sebagian besar penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seksualitas perempuan lebih cair daripada seksualitas laki-laki. Hal ini dapat dikaitkan dengan plastisitas erotis perempuan yang lebih tinggi atau faktor sosial budaya yang mensosialisasikan perempuan agar lebih terbuka terhadap perubahan. Karena perbedaan gender dalam stabilitas identitas orientasi seksual, seksualitas pria dan wanita tidak diperlakukan sebagai berfungsi melalui mekanisme yang sama. Para peneliti terus menganalisis fluiditas seksual untuk lebih menentukan hubungannya dengan subkelompok orientasi seksual (yaitu, biseksual, lesbian, gay, dll.).
Penggunaan istilah ''fluiditas seksual'' telah dikaitkan dengan Lisa M. Diamond, terutama yang berkaitan dengan seksualitas wanita.<ref name="Weiten">{{cite book|author1=Wayne Weiten|author2=Dana S. Dunn|author3=Elizabeth Yost Hammer|title=Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century|publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1337517072 |year=2016 |page=341 |access-date=April 4, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvO5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341|archive-date=2023-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722092519/https://books.google.com/books?id=wvO5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Crooks">{{cite book|author1=Robert L. Crooks|author2=Karla Baur|title=Our Sexuality|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1305887428|year=2016|page=298|access-date=April 4, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isIaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT298|archive-date=2023-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722092523/https://books.google.com/books?id=isIaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT298|dead-url=no}}</ref> Istilah dan konsep tersebut mendapat pengakuan dalam profesi psikologi dan media.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/feb/14/the-pansexual-revolution-how-sexual-fluidity-became-mainstream The pansexual revolution: how sexual fluidity became mainstream] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128030455/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/feb/14/the-pansexual-revolution-how-sexual-fluidity-became-mainstream |date=2021-01-28 }}, Gaby Hinsliff, "The Guardian", 14 February 2019, accessed 20 May 2021</ref>
== Debat budaya ==
Eksplorasi fluiditas seksual yang digagas oleh Lisa M. Diamond menghadirkan tantangan budaya bagi komunitas LGBT; ini karena meskipun peneliti biasanya menekankan bahwa perubahan orientasi seksual tidak mungkin terjadi, meskipun ada upaya terapi konversi, identitas seksual dapat berubah seiring waktu. Bahwa orientasi seksual tidak selalu stabil menantang pandangan banyak orang dalam komunitas LGBT, yang percaya bahwa orientasi seksual adalah tetap dan tidak berubah.<ref name="Exploring">[http://www.advocate.com/health/love-and-sex/2014/02/11/exploring-umbrella-bisexuality-and-fluidity "Exploring the Umbrella: Bisexuality and Fluidity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715033012/http://www.advocate.com/health/love-and-sex/2014/02/11/exploring-umbrella-bisexuality-and-fluidity |date=2014-07-15 }}, Trudy Ring for ''The Advocate'', February 11, 2014</ref>
Ada beberapa tingkat perdebatan budaya mengenai pertanyaan tentang bagaimana (dan jika) fluiditas ada di antara manusia,<ref>[http://www.dailydot.com/opinion/mostly-straight-men-sexual-fluidity/ "Why men's sex lives are more complicated than you think"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628121231/http://www.dailydot.com/opinion/mostly-straight-men-sexual-fluidity/ |date=2016-06-28 }}, Nico Lang for "The Daily Dot", Jan 30, 2015</ref> termasuk pertanyaan tentang fluktuasi ketertarikan dan gairah pada pria biseksual.<ref>[http://slog.thestranger.com/slog/archives/2011/08/16/9534403-case-closed-bisexual-men-exist "Case Closed: Bisexual Men Exist!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818153512/http://slog.thestranger.com/slog/archives/2011/08/16/9534403-case-closed-bisexual-men-exist |date=2016-08-18 }}, Dan Savage for ''The Stranger'', Aug. 16, 2011</ref>
Fluiditas seksual mungkin tumpang tindih dengan label ''abroseksual'', yang telah digunakan untuk merujuk pada perubahan reguler dalam seksualitas seseorang.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=LGBTQ+ 101 - What does abrosexual mean?|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/life/what-does-abrosexual-mean/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Gay Times|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702183049/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/life/what-does-abrosexual-mean/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Francis|first=Shadeen|title=Sexual Fluidity Behind Culture|date=2020|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36222-5_7|work=Cultural Differences and the Practice of Sexual Medicine: A Guide for Sexual Health Practitioners|pages=115–132|editor-last=Rowland|editor-first=David L.|series=Trends in Andrology and Sexual Medicine|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-36222-5_7|isbn=978-3-030-36222-5|s2cid=213379215|access-date=2021-09-22|editor2-last=Jannini|editor2-first=Emmanuele A.|archive-date=2022-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010131549/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-36222-5_7|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
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