Garis waktu peristiwa jauh di masa depan: Perbedaan antara revisi

Semua estimasi tentang [[masa depan Bumi]], [[Tata Surya]], dan [[alam semesta]] harus memperhitungkan [[hukum kedua termodinamika]], yang menyatakan bahwa [[entropi]], atau hilangnya energi yang tersedia, harus meningkat seiring waktu.<ref name="Nave">{{cite web | title = Second Law of Thermodynamics | last = Nave | first = C.R. | url = http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/seclaw.html | publisher = [[Georgia State University]] | access-date = 3 December 2011 | archive-date = 2012-05-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513064248/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/seclaw.html | dead-url = no }}</ref> Bintang-bintang pada akhirnya akan kehabisan pasokan bahan bakar hidrogen dan terbakar. Objek-objek astronomi yang saling mendekat akan mengakibatkan planet terlempar dari gravitasi sistem bintangnya, sistem bintang akan terlempar dari galaksi.<ref name="five ages">

| Menurut [[teori pompa sahara]], [[presesi]] kutub bumi akan menggerakkan [[Angin musim Afrika Utara]] cukup jauh ke utara dan menjadikan Gurun [[Sahara]] kembali beriklim tropis, [[Neolitik Subpluvial|seperti dahulu]], sekitar 5.000–10.000 tahun yang lalu.<ref name="tropicalsahara1">{{cite web|last1= Mowat|first1= Laura|title= Africa's desert to become lush green tropics as monsoons MOVE to Sahara, scientists say|url= https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/828144/Climate-change-Africa-Sahel-Sahara-region-monsoon-rainfall-drought|website= Daily Express|access-date= 23 March 2018|language= en|date= 14 July 2017|archive-date= 2021-03-08|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210308053332/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/828144/Climate-change-Africa-Sahel-Sahara-region-monsoon-rainfall-drought|dead-url= no}}</ref><ref name="tropicalsahara2">{{cite web|title= Orbit: Earth's Extraordinary Journey|url= http://mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/btbb/gilf-kebir-the-great-barrier-nick-drake-wadi-bakht/|website= ExptU|access-date= 23 March 2018|date= 23 December 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714131638/https://mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/btbb/gilf-kebir-the-great-barrier-nick-drake-wadi-bakht/|archive-date= 14 July 2018|url-status= dead}}</ref>

| Tingkat rekurensi terbaik kemungkinan munculnya peristiwa letusan [[supervulkanik]] "yang mengancam peradaban" dan cukup besar untuk memuntahkan 1.000 gigaton [[materi piroklastik]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Super-eruption' timing gets an update – and not in humanity's favour |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-07777-6 |access-date=28 August 2020 |work=Nature |date=30 November 2017 |pages=8 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-017-07777-6 |archive-date=2021-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724104719/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-07777-6 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists predict a volcanic eruption that would destroy humanity could happen sooner than previously thought |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/volcano-super-eruption-apocalypse-wipe-out-life-human-kind-timeline-how-long-a8082006.html |access-date=28 August 2020 |work=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=2020-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034621/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/volcano-super-eruption-apocalypse-wipe-out-life-human-kind-timeline-how-long-a8082006.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Namun, menurut penelitian yang lebih baru (2016), efek pemanasan global antropogenik dapat menunda periode glasial yang diramalkan ini hingga 50.000 tahun lagi sehingga secara efektif akan melewatinya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human-made climate change suppresses the next ice age – Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research|url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/news/latest-news/human-made-climate-change-suppresses-the-next-ice-age|access-date=2020-10-21|website=pik-potsdam.de|archive-date=2021-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107231215/https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/news/latest-news/human-made-climate-change-suppresses-the-next-ice-age|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Kebanyakan [[danau glasial]] di [[Perisai Kanada]] akan terhapus oleh ''[[rebound pasca-glasial]]'' dan proses erosi.<ref>{{cite book|last= Bastedo|first= Jamie|title= Shield Country: The Life and Times of the Oldest Piece of the Planet|date= 1994|publisher= Arctic Institute of North America of the University of Calgary|page= 202 | isbn = 9780919034792 | series = Komatik Series, ISSN 0840-4488 | volume = 4|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-KUfAQAAIAAJ|access-date= url2021-02-20|archive-date= 2023-07-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230729031633/https://books.google.com/books?id=-KUfAQAAIAAJ|dead-url= no}}</ref>

| [[Lōʻihi Seamount|Lōʻihi]], gunung berapi termuda di [[rangkaian gunung berapi laut Hawaiian-Emperor]], akan muncul di atas permukaan laut dan menjadi [[Pulau Tinggi|pulau vulkanik]] baru.<ref name="havo">{{cite web | title = Frequently Asked Questions | publisher = Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park | year = 2011 | url = http://www.nps.gov/havo/faqs.htm | access-date = 22 October 2011 | archive-date = 2012-10-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121027191821/http://www.nps.gov/havo/faqs.htm | dead-url = no }}</ref>

| Pada suatu saat, dalam beberapa ratus ribu tahun mendatang, [[Bintang Serigala-Rayet]] [[WR 104]] kemungkinan akan meledak dalam sebuah [[supernova]]. Ada kemungkinan kecil WR 104 berputar cukup cepat untuk menghasilkan [[semburan sinar gamma]]. Terdapat kemungkinan yang jauh lebih kecil lagi bahwa semburan sinar gamma semacam itu mengancam kehidupan di Bumi.<ref>{{cite journal | journal= The Astrophysical Journal |volume= 675 |number= 1 |arxiv= 0712.2111 |title= The Prototype Colliding-Wind Pinwheel WR 104 |first1= Peter |last1= Tuthill |first2= John |last2= Monnier |first3= Nicholas |last3= Lawrance |first4= William |last4= Danchi |first5= Stan |last5= Owocki |first6= Kenneth |last6= Gayley |year= 2008 |doi= 10.1086/527286 |bibcode= 2008ApJ...675..698T |pages= 698–710|s2cid= 119293391 }}</ref><ref><!-- this is a WP:RS due to tuthill being a subject-matter expert -->{{cite web|url=http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/pinwheel/tech_faq.html|title=WR 104: Technical Questions|last1=Tuthill|first1=Peter|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-date=2018-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403160554/http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/pinwheel/tech_faq.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| Bumi kemungkinan besar akan ditabrak oleh asteroid dengan diameter kira-kira 1&nbsp;km, [[Penghindaran dampak asteroid|dengan asumsi tabrakan asteroid tidak dapat dihindari]] menggunakan teknologi pada saat itu.<ref name="Bostrom 2002">{{cite journal | last = Bostrom | first = Nick | author-link = Nick Bostrom | date = March 2002 | title = Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards | journal = Journal of Evolution and Technology | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | url = http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html | access-date = 10 September 2012 | archive-date = 2011-04-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110427030852/http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>

| Medan berbatu di [[Taman Nasional Badlands]] di [[Dakota Selatan]] akan terkikis seluruhnya.<ref>{{cite web|title= Badlands National Park – Nature & Science – Geologic Formations|url= http://www.nps.gov/badl/naturescience/geologicformations.htm|access-date= 2021-02-20|archive-date= 2015-02-15|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150215201841/http://www.nps.gov/badl/naturescience/geologicformations.htm|dead-url= no}}</ref>

| [[Meteor Crater]], [[kawah tubrukan]] besar di Arizona yang dianggap sebagai kawah meteor "paling muda" diantara kawah-kawah sejenis, akan terkikis.<ref>{{cite book|last= Landstreet|first= John D.|title= Physical Processes in the Solar System: An introduction to the physics of asteroids, comets, moons and planets|date= 2003|publisher= Keenan & Darlington|page= 121 | isbn = 9780973205107|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ads1AQAAIAAJ|access-date= url2021-02-20|archive-date= 2023-07-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230729031711/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ads1AQAAIAAJ|dead-url= no}}</ref>

| Perkiraan waktu maksimal sampai [[bintang super raksasa merah]] [[Betelgeuse]] meledak dalam sebuah ledakan [[supernova]]. Setidaknya selama beberapa bulan, supernova akan terlihat di Bumi pada siang hari. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa supernova ini akan terjadi dalam kurun waktu satu juta tahun, atau bahkan dalam 100.000 tahun mendatang.<ref name="betel">{{cite web |title=Betelgeuse will explode someday |publisher=EarthSky Communications, Inc |author=Sessions, Larry |date =29 July 2009 |url=http://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/betelgeuse-will-explode-someday |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523155715/https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/betelgeuse-will-explode-someday/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A giant star is acting strange, and astronomers are buzzing |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/12/betelgeuse-is-acting-strange-astronomers-are-buzzing-about-supernova/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |work=National Geographic |date=26 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108042242/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/12/betelgeuse-is-acting-strange-astronomers-are-buzzing-about-supernova/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

| Satelit [[Uranus]] [[Desdemona (bulan)|Desdemona]] dan [[Cressida (bulan)|Cressida]], kemungkinan besar akan bertabrakan.<ref name=Uranus>{{cite web|title= Uranus's colliding moons|year= 2017|url= http://www.astronomy.com/news/2017/09/uranus-colliding-moons |publisher= astronomy.com|access-date= 23 September 2017|archive-date= 2021-02-26|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210226103604/https://astronomy.com/news/2017/09/uranus-colliding-moons|dead-url= no}}</ref>

| Perkiraan waktu pemulihan ekosistem [[terumbu karang]] dari [[pengasaman laut]] yang disebabkan oleh manusia. Pemulihan ekosistem laut setelah peristiwa pengasaman yang terjadi sekitar 65 juta tahun yang lalu membutuhkan waktu yang sama.<ref>{{cite book|last= Goldstein|first= Natalie|title= Global Warming|date= 2009|publisher= Infobase Publishing|page= 53 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-uYkEBl6CWYC | isbn = 9780816067695 |quote= The last time acidification on this scale occurred (about 65 mya) it took more than 2 juta years for corals and other marine organisms to recover; some scientists today believe, optimistically, that it could take tens of thousands of years for the ocean to regain the chemistry it had in preindustrial times.|access-date= 2021-02-20|archive-date= 2023-07-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230729031626/https://books.google.com/books?id=-uYkEBl6CWYC|dead-url= no}}</ref>

| [[Grand Canyon]] akan terkikis lebih jauh, semakin dalam, tetapi pada bagian dasarnya akan melebar menjadi lembah luas yang mengelilingi [[Sungai Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Grand Canyon – Geology – A dynamic place|url= https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/grca-geology.htm|website= Views of the National Parks|publisher= National Park Service|access-date= 2021-02-20|archive-date= 2021-04-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210425063106/https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/grca-geology.htm|dead-url= no}}</ref>

Meskipun tanpa kepunahan massal, pada masa ini sebagian besar spesies yang kini hidup akan menghilang melalui [[laju kepunahan latar belakang]]. Banyak [[klad]] akan berevolusi secara bertahap menjadi bentuk baru.<ref>{{cite book|last= Wilson|first= Edward O.|title= The Diversity of Life|date= 1999|publisher= W.W. Norton & Company|page= 216 | isbn = 9780393319408|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FzPaB_6Pw4MC|access-date= url2021-02-20|archive-date= 2023-07-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230729031629/https://books.google.com/books?id=FzPaB_6Pw4MC|dead-url= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wilson | first1 = Edward Osborne | author-link1 = Edward O. Wilson | year = 1992 | chapter = The Human Impact | title = The Diversity of Life | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VS7GeNorZE4C | location = London | publisher = Penguin UK | publication-date = 2001 | isbn = 9780141931739 | access-date = 15 March 2020 | archive-date = 2023-07-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230729031626/https://books.google.com/books?id=VS7GeNorZE4C | dead-url = no }}</ref>

| Menurut [[Christopher R. Scotese]], pergerakan [[Sesar San Andreas]] akan menyebabkan [[Teluk California]] membanjiri [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]]. Peristiwa ini akan membentuk laut pedalaman baru di [[Pantai Barat Amerika Serikat|Pantai Barat]] [[Amerika Utara]].<ref name="scotese">{{cite web | url = http://www.scotese.com/newpage11.htm | last = Scotese | first = Christopher R. | title = Pangea Ultima will form 250 million years in the Future | website = Paleomap Project | access-date = 13 March 2006 | archive-date = 2019-02-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190225025353/http://www.scotese.com/newpage11.htm | dead-url = no }}</ref>

Tabrakan Afrika dengan [[Eurasia]] menutup [[Cekungan Mediterania]] dan menciptakan pegunungan yang mirip dengan [[Himalaya]].<ref name="medi">{{cite web | title = Continents in Collision: Pangea Ultima | publisher = [[NASA]] | year = 2000 | url = https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast06oct_1/ | access-date = 29 December 2010 | archive-date = 2012-08-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120821173013/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast06oct_1/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>

Puncak [[Pegunungan Appalachian]] sebagian besar akan terkikis,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year = 2011 | title = Geology | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Appalachia | publisher = University of Tennessee Press | url = http://www.encyclopediaofappalachia.com/category.php?rec=2 | access-date = 21 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140521203455/http://www.encyclopediaofappalachia.com/category.php?rec=2 | archive-date = 21 May 2014 | url-status = dead}}</ref> pelapukan pada 5,7 [[unit Bubnoff]], meskipun topografi sebenarnya akan naik karena [[lembah]] regional semakin dalam pada tingkat dua kali lipat daripada saat ini.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Hancock|first1= Gregory|title= Summit erosion rates deduced from 10Be: Implications for relief production in the central Appalachians|journal= Geology|date= January 2007|volume= 35|issue= 1|page= 89|doi= 10.1130/g23147a.1 |url= http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/HancockKirwan2007SummitErosion.pdf|last2= Kirwan|first2= Matthew|bibcode= 2007Geo....35...89H|access-date= 2021-02-20|archive-date= 2018-12-23|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181223151411/http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/HancockKirwan2007SummitErosion.pdf|dead-url= no}}</ref>

| [[Pegunungan Rocky Kanada]] akan terkikis hingga menjadi dataran, dengan asumsi kecepatan pelapukan pada 60 [[Unit Bubnoff]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Yorath|first=C. J.|title= Of rocks, mountains and Jasper: a visitor's guide to the geology of Jasper National Park|date= 2017|publisher= Dundurn Press|page= 30 | isbn = 9781459736122 | quote = [...] 'How long will the Rockies last?' [...] The numbers suggest that in about 50 to 60 juta years the remaining mountains will be gone, and the park will be reduced to a rolling plain much like the Canadian prairies.}}</ref> [[Pegunungan Rocky Selatan]] di Amerika Serikat mengalami erosi dengan laju yang lebih lambat.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Dethier|first= David P.|display-authors= 4|author2= Ouimet, W. |author3= Bierman, P. R. |author4= Rood, D. H. |author5= Balco, G. |title= Basins and bedrock: Spatial variation in 10Be erosion rates and increasing relief in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA|journal= Geology|year= 2014|volume= 42|issue= 2|pages= 167–170|url= http://noblegas.berkeley.edu/~balcs/pubs/Dethier_2014_Geology.pdf|bibcode = 2014Geo....42..167D | doi = 10.1130/G34922.1|access-date= 2021-02-20|archive-date= 2018-12-23|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181223151250/http://noblegas.berkeley.edu/~balcs/pubs/Dethier_2014_Geology.pdf|dead-url= yes}}</ref>

| [[Hawaii (pulau)|Pulau Besar]] akan menjadi bagian dari [[Kepulauan Hawaii]] terakhir saat ini yang akan tenggelam di bawah permukaan laut, sementara rantai yang lebih baru terbentuk dari "Kepulauan Hawaii baru" yang akan muncul di tempat mereka berada sebelumnya.<ref>{{cite news|last= Perlman|first= David|title= Kiss that Hawaiian timeshare goodbye / Islands will sink in 80 juta years|url= http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Kiss-that-Hawaiian-timeshare-goodbye-Islands-2468202.php|newspaper= San Francisco Chronicle|date= 14 October 2006|access-date= 2021-02-20|archive-date= 2019-04-17|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190417122705/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Kiss-that-Hawaiian-timeshare-goodbye-Islands-2468202.php|dead-url= no}}</ref>

| Bumi kemungkinan besar akan ditabrak oleh asteroid yang ukurannya sebanding dengan asteroid yang memicu [[peristiwa kepunahan Cretaceous–Paleogene|kepunahan K–Pg]] 66 juta tahun yang lalu, [[Penghindaran dampak asteroid|dengan asumsi tabrakan ini tidak dapat dihindari]].<ref name="kpg1">{{cite web | title = Meteorites, Impacts, and Mass Extinction | last = Nelson | first = Stephen A. | publisher = [[Tulane University]] | url = http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/impacts.htm | access-date = 13 January 2011 | archive-date = 2017-08-06 | archive-url = https://archive.ph/20170806121814/http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/impacts.htm | dead-url = no }}</ref>

| Karena perlambatan bertahap rotasi Bumi, satu hari di Bumi akan menjadi satu jam lebih lama dari hari ini.<ref>{{cite web | title = How Long Until The Moon Slows The Earth to a 25 Hour Day? | author = Jillian Scudder | work = [[Forbes]] | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillianscudder/2017/01/28/how-long-until-the-moon-slows-the-earth-to-a-25-hour-day/ | access-date = 30 May 2017 | archive-date = 2021-01-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210116042412/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillianscudder/2017/01/28/how-long-until-the-moon-slows-the-earth-to-a-25-hour-day/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>

| Dari posisinya saat ini, [[Tata Surya]] akan menyelesaikan [[Tahun galaksi|satu orbit penuh]] mengelilingi [[Pusat Galaksi]].<ref name="galyear">{{cite web | title = Period of the Sun's Orbit Around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year) | first = Stacy | last = Leong | url = http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyLeong.shtml | year = 2002 | website = The Physics Factbook | access-date = 2 April 2007 | archive-date = 2011-08-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094955/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyLeong.shtml | dead-url = no }}</ref>

| Perkiraan waktu hingga suhu mantel [[Venus]] mencapai titik maksimumnya. Kemudian, selama sekitar 100 juta tahun, terjadi subduksi besar dan kerak planet akan didaur ulang.<ref name="Strom1994">{{cite journal |last= Strom |first= Robert G. |author2= Schaber, Gerald G. |author3= Dawson, Douglas D. |date= 25 May 1994 |title= The global resurfacing of Venus |journal= [[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume= 99 |issue= E5 |pages= 10899–10926 |doi= 10.1029/94JE00388 |bibcode= 1994JGR....9910899S |url= https://zenodo.org/record/1231347 |access-date= 2021-02-20 |archive-date= 2020-09-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200916233329/https://zenodo.org/record/1231347 |dead-url= no }}</ref>

| Tingkat karbon dioksida turun sedemikian rupa hingga proses [[fiksasi karbon C4|fotosintesis {{C4}}]] tidak mungkin lagi.<ref name="Heath Doyle 2009"/> Tanpa kehidupan tumbuhan yang mendaur ulang oksigen di atmosfer, oksigen bebas dan lapisan ozon akan hilang dari atmosfer sehingga memungkinkan tingkat sinar UV yang mematikan akan mencapai permukaan. Dalam buku ''The Life and Death of Planet Earth'', penulis [[Peter D. Ward]] dan [[Donald Brownlee]] menyatakan bahwa beberapa kehidupan hewan mungkin dapat bertahan hidup di lautan. Akan tetapi, pada akhirnya, semua kehidupan multisel akan tetap mati.<ref name="bd2_6_1665">{{cite journal | last1 = Franck | first1 = S. | last2 = Bounama | first2 = C. | last3 = Von Bloh | first3 = W. | title = Causes and timing of future biosphere extinction | journal = Biogeosciences Discussions | volume = 2 | issue = 6 | pages = 1665–1679 | date = November 2005 | bibcode = 2005BGD.....2.1665F | doi = 10.5194/bgd-2-1665-2005 | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00297823/file/bgd-2-1665-2005.pdf | doi-access = free | access-date = 2021-05-22 | archive-date = 2020-07-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200731055454/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00297823/file/bgd-2-1665-2005.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref> Menurut estimasi maksimum, kehidupan hewan dapat bertahan sekitar 100 juta tahun setelah kehidupan tumbuhan mati, dengan hewan terakhir adalah hewan yang tidak bergantung pada tumbuhan hidup seperti [[rayap]] atau hewan berhabitat di dekat [[lubang hidrotermal]] seperti [[cacing]] dari genus ''[[Riftia]]''.<ref name=swansong2/> Satu-satunya kehidupan yang bertahan hidup di Bumi setelah ini adalah organisme bersel tunggal.

| Cahaya Matahari yang meningkat menyebabkan [[zona laik huni]] bergerak ke luar; saat [[karbon dioksida]] meningkat di atmosfer [[Mars]], suhu permukaannya naik ke tingkat yang mirip dengan Bumi selama [[zaman es]].<ref name="bd2_6_1665"/><ref name="mars">{{cite book | title = Mars: A Warmer, Wetter Planet | author = Kargel, Jeffrey Stuart | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0QY0U6qJKFUC&q=mars+future+%22billion+years%22+sun&pg=PA509 | page = 509 | isbn = 978-1852335687 | date = 2004 | publisher = Springer | access-date = 29 October 2007 | archive-date = 2023-07-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230729032113/https://books.google.com/books?id=0QY0U6qJKFUC&q=mars+future+%22billion+years%22+sun&pg=PA509 | dead-url = no }}</ref>

| Semua air yang saat ini ada di lautan (jika tidak hilang sebelumnya) akan menguap. [[Efek rumah kaca]] yang disebabkan oleh atmosfer kaya air yang masif, dikombinasikan dengan luminositas Matahari yang mencapai kira-kira 35–40% di atas nilai saat ini, akan mengakibatkan suhu permukaan bumi meningkat menjadi {{cvt|1400|K|CF}}—cukup panas untuk melelehkan beberapa batuan permukaan.{{sfn|Brownlee|2010|p= 95}}<ref name="pnas106_24">{{cite journal | last1= Li | first1= King-Fai | last2= Pahlevan | first2= Kaveh | last3= Kirschvink | first3= Joseph L. | last4= Yung | first4= Yuk L. | date= 16 June 2009 | title= Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| volume= 106 | issue= 24 | pages= 9576–9579 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.0809436106 | pmid= 19487662 | pmc= 2701016 | bibcode= 2009PNAS..106.9576L }}</ref><ref name=guinan_ribas>{{cite journal | last1= Guinan | first1= E. F. | last2= Ribas | first2= I. | title= Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate | journal= ASP Conference Proceedings | volume= 269 | pages= 85–106 | editor1-last= Montesinos | editor1-first= Benjamin | editor2-last= Gimenez | editor2-first= Alvaro | editor3-last= Guinan | editor3-first= Edward F. |year= 2002 | bibcode= 2002ASPC..269...85G }}</ref><ref name=icarus74>{{cite journal | last1= Kasting | first1= J. F. | title= Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of earth and Venus | journal= Icarus | volume= 74 | date= June 1988 | issue= 3 | pages= 472–494 | doi= 10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9 | pmid= 11538226 | bibcode= 1988Icar...74..472K | url= https://zenodo.org/record/1253896 | access-date= 2021-02-20 | archive-date= 2019-12-07 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191207210741/https://zenodo.org/record/1253896 | dead-url= no }}</ref> Periode pada masa depan Bumi ini sering kali {{quantify | date = Maret 2020}} dibandingkan dengan Venus hari ini, tetapi suhu sebenarnya sekitar dua kali suhu di Venus hari ini, dan pada suhu ini permukaannya akan mencair sebagian,<ref name="venus"/> sementara Venus mungkin akan tetap memiliki sebagian besar permukaan padat saat ini. Venus juga mungkin akan memanas secara drastis pada masa ini, kemungkinan besar jauh lebih panas daripada Bumi (karena Venus lebih dekat ke Matahari).

| s2cid = 14964036 }}</ref> Ada juga kemungkinan kecil Tata Surya terlontar.<ref name=Cain>{{cite web|title=When Our Galaxy Smashes into Andromeda, What Happens to the Sun?|author=Cain, Fraser | work=Universe Today|url=http://www.universetoday.com/2007/05/10/when-our-galaxy-smashes-into-andromeda-what-happens-to-the-sun/|year=2007|access-date=2007-05-16| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070517021426/http://www.universetoday.com/2007/05/10/when-our-galaxy-smashes-into-andromeda-what-happens-to-the-sun/| archive-date= 17 May 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=Cox2008>{{cite journal|title=The Collision Between The Milky Way And Andromeda | author=Cox, T. J. | author2=Loeb, Abraham | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | arxiv=0705.1170 |year=2008 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13048.x|volume=386|issue=1 | pages=461–474 | bibcode=2008MNRAS.386..461C| s2cid=14964036 }}</ref> Planet-planet Tata Surya hampir pasti tidak akan terganggu oleh peristiwa ini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/milky-way-collide.html |author=NASA |title=NASA's Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collision |website=NASA |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=13 October 2012 |archive-date=2014-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701085917/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/milky-way-collide.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dowd|first=Maureen|title=Andromeda Is Coming!|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/30/opinion/dowd-andromeda-is-coming.html|access-date=9 January 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=29 May 2012|quote=[NASA's David Morrison] explained that the [[Andromeda-Milky Way collision]] would just be two great big fuzzy balls of stars and mostly empty space passing through each other harmlessly over the course of jutas of years.|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308163232/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/30/opinion/dowd-andromeda-is-coming.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="milk">

| Akhir alam semesta dalam skenario [[Big Rip]] (Rekahan Besar), dengan asumsi model [[energi gelap]] dan [[Persamaan keadaan (kosmologi)|{{var|w}} = −1.5]].<ref name="bigrip"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/06/30/ask-ethan-could-the-universe-be-torn-apart-in-a-big-rip/ |title=Ask Ethan: Could The Universe Be Torn Apart In A Big Rip? |access-date=2021-02-20 |archive-date=2021-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802032741/https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/06/30/ask-ethan-could-the-universe-be-torn-apart-in-a-big-rip/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> Jika massa jenis [[energi gelap]] kurang dari −1, [[Ekspansi Alam Semesta]] akan terus bertambah cepat dan [[Alam Semesta Teramati]] akan terus mengecil. Sekitar 200 juta tahun sebelum Big Rip, gugus galaksi seperti [[Grup Lokal]] atau [[Grup Pematung]] akan hancur. Enam puluh juta tahun sebelum Big Rip, semua galaksi akan mulai kehilangan bintang di tepinya dan akan hancur total dalam 40 juta tahun kedepan. Tiga bulan sebelum Big Rip, semua sistem bintang akan menjadi tidak terikat secara gravitasi, dan planet-planet akan melayang ke alam semesta yang mengembang dengan cepat. Tiga puluh menit sebelum Big Rip, [[planet]], [[bintang]], [[asteroid]] dan bahkan objek ekstrem seperti [[bintang neutron]] dan [[black hole]] akan menguap menjadi [[atom]]. Seratus [[zeptosekon]] (10⁻¹⁹ detik) sebelum Big Rip, atom akan terpecah. Akhirnya, begitu materi-materi yang terpecah mencapai [[skala Planck]], dawai kosmik akan hancur bersama jalinan [[ruangwaktu]] itu sendiri. Alam semesta akan memasuki tahap "rekahan singularitas" ketika semua jarak menjadi jauh tak terhingga. Berbeda dengan "remukan singularitas" saat semua materi terkonsentrasi secara tak terhingga, dalam sebuah "rekahan singularitas" semua materi akan tersebar tak terhingga.<ref>{{cite journal

</ref> Setelah itu, aksi pasang surut Matahari katai putih akan mengekstraksi [[momentum sudut]] dari sistem, menyebabkan orbit bulan membusuk dan putaran bumi semakin cepat.<ref name="canup_righter">{{cite book | first1 = Robin M. | last1 = Canup | first2 = Kevin | last2 = Righter | title = Origin of the Earth and Moon | volume = 30 | series = The University of Arizona space science series | publisher = University of Arizona Press | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8165-2073-2 | pages = 176–177 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8i44zjcKm4EC&pg=PA176 | access-date = 2021-02-20 | archive-date = 2023-01-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230117024756/https://books.google.com/books?id=8i44zjcKm4EC&pg=PA176 | dead-url = no }}</ref>

| Bulan mungkin akan bertabrakan dengan Bumi karena peluruhan orbitnya, dengan asumsi Bumi dan Bulan tidak ditelan oleh raksasa merah Matahari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2017/01/31/earth-and-moon-may-be-on-long-term-collision-course/|website=Forbes|first=Bruce |last=Dorminey |title=Earth and Moon May Be on Long-Term Collision Course|date=31 January 2017|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=2017-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201080301/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2017/01/31/earth-and-moon-may-be-on-long-term-collision-course/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| Perkiraan waktu hingga bintang katai merah [[Proxima Centauri]], bintang terdekat dengan Matahari pada jarak 4,25 [[tahun cahaya]], meninggalkan deret utama dan menjadi bintang katai putih.<ref>{{cite journal|title=RED Dwarfs and the End of The Main Sequence|author1=Fred C. Adams|author2=Gregory Laughlin|author3=Genevieve J. M. Graves|journal=Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Serie de Conferencias|volume=22|pages=46–49|year=2004|url=http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/rmaa/RMxAC..22/PDF/RMxAC..22_adams.pdf|access-date=2021-02-20|archive-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223151311/http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/rmaa/RMxAC..22/PDF/RMxAC..22_adams.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| Perkiraan waktu bagi katai hitam bermassa sama dengan atau di atas 1,2 kali massa Matahari menjadi supernova sebagai hasil dari fusi lambat [[silikon]]-[[nikel]]-[[besi]], sebagai fraksi elektron yang menurun menurunkan [[batas Chandrasekhar]] mereka, dengan asumsi proton tidak meluruh.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Black Dwarf Supernova in the Far Future|author=M. E. Caplan|journal=[[MNRAS]]|volume=000|number=1–6|url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.02296.pdf|date=7 August 2020|pages=4357–4362|doi=10.1093/mnras/staa2262|arxiv=2008.02296|bibcode=2020MNRAS.497.4357C|s2cid=221005728|access-date=2021-02-20|archive-date=2021-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623205809/https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.02296.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk [[Teraformasi Mars|teraformasi planet Mars]] hingga memiliki atmosfer yang kaya [[oksigen]], dengan hanya menggunakan tanaman dan efisiensi matahari, hingga sebanding dengan biosfer yang saat ini ditemukan di Bumi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McKay|first=Christopher P.|author2=Toon, Owen B. |author3=Kasting, James F. |title=Making Mars habitable|journal=Nature|date=8 August 1991|volume=352|issue=6335|pages=489–496|doi=10.1038/352489a0|pmid=11538095|bibcode = 1991Natur.352..489M |s2cid=2815367|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233115|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308162717/https://zenodo.org/record/1233115|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| Perkiraan waktu tersingkat saat manusia bisa mengkolonisasi galaksi Bima Sakti dan mampu [[skala Kardashev|memanfaatkan semua energi di galaksi]], dengan asumsi kecepatan 10% [[kecepatan cahaya]].<ref name="typeiii">{{cite web

| year = 2010

| publisher = mkaku.org

| access-date = 29 August 2010

title=Astronomical engineering: a strategy for modifying planetary orbits | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysics-and-space-science_2001-03_275_4/page/349 | doi=10.1023/A:1002790227314 | journal=Astrophysics and Space Science | id=Astrophys.Space Sci.275:349-366,2001 | volume=275 | issue=4 | pages=349–366 | hdl=2027.42/41972 | bibcode=2001Ap&SS.275..349K | arxiv=astro-ph/0102126 | s2cid=5550304 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Korycansky|first=D. G.|title=Astroengineering, or how to save the Earth in only one billion years|journal=Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica|year=2004|volume=22|pages=117–120|url=http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/rmaa/RMxAC..22/PDF/RMxAC..22_korycansky.pdf|bibcode=2004RMxAC..22..117K|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175649/http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/rmaa/RMxAC..22/PDF/RMxAC..22_korycansky.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| Perkiraan umur [[tetrafluorometana]] di atmosfer, [[gas rumah kaca]] yang paling tahan lama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tetrafluoromethane|url=http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+1327|website=[[Hazardous Substances Data Bank|Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET)]]|publisher=United States National Library of Medicine|access-date=4 September 2014|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091320/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+1327|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Di [[Bulan]], jejak kaki [[Neil Armstrong]] di [[Tranquility Base]] akan terkikis, bersama dengan jejak yang ditinggalkan oleh [[Daftar Apollo astronot#astronot Apollo yang berjalan di Bulan|dua belas penjelajah bulan dari misi Apollo]]. Semua jejak ini akan hilang akibat efek yang terakumulasi dari [[pelapukan luar angkasa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Apollo 11 – First Footprint on the Moon|url=http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/F_Apollo_11.html|website=Student Features|publisher=NASA|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2021-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403084654/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/F_Apollo_11.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Meadows|first=A. J.|title=The Future of the Universe|url=https://archive.org/details/futureuniverse00mead_163|url-access=limited|date=2007|publisher=Springer|pages=[https://archive.org/details/futureuniverse00mead_163/page/n87 81]–83}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref> (Proses erosi normal yang ada di Bumi tidak ditemui di Bulan, karena Bulan [[Atmosfer Bulan|hampir tidak memiliki atmosfer]].)

| Perkiraan umur pasokan cadangan berbasis fisi [[reaktor pembiak]], menggunakan [[Daftar negara menurut cadangan uranium|sumber uranium yang diketahui]], dengan asumsi [[konsumsi energi dunia]] pada tahun 2009.<ref name="Fetter">{{cite news|last=Fetter|first=Steve|title=How long will the world's uranium supplies last?|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-long-will-global-uranium-deposits-last/|date=March 2009|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2021-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724135909/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-long-will-global-uranium-deposits-last/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| Perkiraan waktu minimum yang diperlukan agar [[plutonium]] yang disimpan di [[Pabrik Percontohan Isolasi Limbah]], New Mexico tidak lagi mematikan dan mengandung radiasi berbahaya bagi manusia.<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Biello |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nuclear-waste-lethal-trash-or-renewable-energy-source/|work=Scientific American|title=Spent Nuclear Fuel: A Trash Heap Deadly for 250,000 Years or a Renewable Energy Source?|date=28 January 2009|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2021-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710002930/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nuclear-waste-lethal-trash-or-renewable-energy-source/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| Perkiraan umur pasokan cadangan berbasis fisi [[reaktor pembiak]] jika memungkinkan untuk mengekstraksi semua [[uranium]] dari air laut, dengan asumsi konsumsi energi dunia pada tahun 1983.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite journal | last = Cohen | first = Bernard L. | title = Breeder Reactors: A Renewable Energy Source | journal = American Journal of Physics | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | page = 75 | date = January 1983 | bibcode = 1983AmJPh..51...75C | url = http://large.stanford.edu/publications/coal/references/docs/pad11983cohen.pdf | doi = 10.1119/1.13440 | access-date = 2021-02-04 | archive-date = 2021-02-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210216183915/http://large.stanford.edu/publications/coal/references/docs/pad11983cohen.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>

|Satelit nuklir [[SNAP-10A]], yang diluncurkan pada tahun 1965 ke orbit {{cvt|700|km}} di atas Bumi, akan kembali ke permukaan.<ref>{{cite book | last = Staub | first = D.W. | title = SNAP 10 Summary Report | publisher = Atomics International Division of North American Aviation, Inc., Canoga Park, California | date = 25 Maret 1967 | id = NAA-SR-12073}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110889894 |title=U.S. ADMISSION : Satellite mishap released rays |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |volume=52 |issue=15,547 |location=Australian Capital Territory, Australia |date=30 Maret 1978 |access-date=12 Augustus 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=2021-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821081410/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110889894 |dead-url=no }}, ''...Launched in 1965 and carrying about 4.5 kilograms of uranium 235, Snap 10A is in a 1,000-year orbit....''</ref>

| Kapsul waktu ruang angkasa ''[[KEO]]'', jika jadi diluncurkan, akan masuk kembali ke atmosfer bumi.<ref name="keo1">{{cite web | title = KEO FAQ | url = http://www.keo.org/uk/pages/faq.html#q1 | publisher = keo.org | access-date = 14 October 2011 | archive-date = 2021-01-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210108011828/http://www.keo.org/uk/pages/faq.html#q1 | dead-url = no }}</ref>

| ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' akan melintas di dekat bintang terang [[Aldebaran]].<ref name="Pioneer Ames">{{cite web | title = The Pioneer Missions | publisher = NASA | url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html | access-date = 5 September 2011 | archive-date = 2011-08-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110815233221/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>

| Kamera yang ditempatkan oleh [[Jonathon Keats]] akan menyelesaikan [[pajanan|waktu pajanan]] setelah ditempatkan di [[Museum Seni ASU]] di [[Tempe, Arizona]], pada tahun 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=This Camera Will Capture a 1,000-Year Exposure That Ends in 3015 for History's Slowest Photo |url=http://petapixel.com/2015/03/05/this-camera-will-capture-a-1000-year-exposure-that-ends-in-3015-for-historys-slowest-photo/ |publisher=PetaPixel |access-date=2015-12-14 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222074045/http://petapixel.com/2015/03/05/this-camera-will-capture-a-1000-year-exposure-that-ends-in-3015-for-historys-slowest-photo/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

| ''[[Piramida Waktu]]'', sebuah karya seni publik di [[Wemding]], [[Jerman]], dijadwalkan akan selesai.<ref name="Conception" >[http://www.zeitpyramide.de/ Conception] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719115509/http://www.zeitpyramide.de/ |date=2011-07-19 }} Official ''Zeitpyramide'' website. Retrieved 14 Desember 2010.</ref>

| Kapsul Waktu Expo '70 terakhir dari tahun 1970, yang dikuburkan di bawah sebuah monumen dekat [[Istana Osaka]], Jepang dijadwalkan akan dibuka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Time Cpsue Expo 1970| url=https://panasonic.net/history/timecapsule/|publisher=panasonic.net|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126193931/https://panasonic.net/history/timecapsule/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| ''[[Crypt of Civilization]]'', kapsul waktu yang berada di [[Universitas Oglethorpe]], Atlanta, Georgia, dijadwalkan akan dibuka setelah disegel sebelum [[Perang Dunia II]].<ref name="crypt1">{{cite web|url= http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-864|title= The New Georgia Encyclopedia – Crypt of Civilization|access-date= 2008-06-29|archive-date= 2021-02-10|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210210133230/https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/crypt-civilization|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref name="crypt3">{{cite web|url= http://crypt.oglethorpe.edu/history/|title= History of the Crypt of Civilization|access-date= 2015-10-22|archive-date= 2015-10-02|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151002192347/http://crypt.oglethorpe.edu/history/|dead-url= no}}</ref>

| Umur yang direncanakan dari beberapa proyek yang di prakarsai [[Long Now Foundation]], termasuk jam 10.000 tahun yang dikenal sebagai ''[[Clock of the Long Now]]'', ''[[Rosetta Project]]'', dan ''[[Long Now Foundation|Long Bet Project]]''.<ref name="longnow">{{cite web | title = The Long Now Foundation | publisher = The Long Now Foundation | url = http://longnow.org/about/ | year = 2011 | access-date = 21 September 2011 | archive-date = 2021-06-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210616195028/https://longnow.org/about/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>

| Proyeksi umur dari [[Svalbard Global Seed Vault]] Norwegia.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Visit to the Doomsday Vault|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-visit-to-the-doomsday-vault/|date=20 March 2008|publisher=CBS News|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308220206/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-visit-to-the-doomsday-vault/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| Perkiraan umur repositori penyimpanan [[Memory of Mankind]] (MOM) di tambang garam Hallstatt, [[Austria]], yang menyimpan informasi pada tablet bertulis dari [[periuk]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Memory of Mankind | url = https://www.memory-of-mankind.com/ | access-date = 4 March 2019 | archive-date =2021-07-16 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210716092821/https://www.memory-of-mankind.com/ | dead-url =no }}</ref>

| Luapan nilai numerik akan terjadi dalam waktu sistem pada program komputer [[Java (bahasa pemrograman)|Java]].<ref>{{cite web|title=When will System.currentTimeMillis() overflow?|url=https://stackoverflow.com/a/2978462 |publisher=[[Stack Overflow]]|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821081409/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2978452/when-will-system-currenttimemillis-overflow/2978462|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| Perkiraan umur atau masa pakai "[[penyimpanan data optik 5D]]" penyimpanan data dari [[struktur nano]] yang ditulis dengan [[laser femtosecond]] pada kaca, sebuah teknologi yang dikembangkan di [[University of Southampton]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=J. |last2=Gecevičius|first2=M. |last3=Beresna|first3=M. |last4=Kazansky|first4=P. G. |title=Seemingly unlimited lifetime data storage in nanostructured glass|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260004721|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=112|issue=3 |page=033901|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.033901|pmid=24484138 |year=2014|bibcode = 2014PhRvL.112c3901Z |access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2021-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802032743/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260004721_Seemingly_Unlimited_Lifetime_Data_Storage_in_Nanostructured_Glass|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=J.|last2=Gecevičius|first2=M.|last3=Beresna|first3=M.|last4=Kazansky|first4=P. G.|title=5D Data Storage by Ultrafast Laser Nanostructuring in Glass|journal=CLEO: Science and Innovations|date=June 2013|pages=CTh5D–9|url=http://www.orc.soton.ac.uk/fileadmin/downloads/5D_Data_Storage_by_Ultrafast_Laser_Nanostructuring_in_Glass.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906152109/http://www.orc.soton.ac.uk/fileadmin/downloads/5D_Data_Storage_by_Ultrafast_Laser_Nanostructuring_in_Glass.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2014}}</ref>

* {{cite book | last1=Adams | first1=Fred C. | date=2008 | editor1-first=Nick | editor1-last=Bostrom | editor2-first=Milan M. | editor2-last=Ćirković | title=Global catastrophic risks | contribution=Long term astrophysical processes | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-857050-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Jxc88RuJhgC&pg=PA33 | access-date=2021-02-04 | archive-date=2023-01-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117024805/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Jxc88RuJhgC&pg=PA33 | dead-url=no }}