Wahhabisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Wahhabisme''' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْوَهَّابِيَةُ|translit=al-WahhābiyyaWahhābiyyah}}) adalah gerakan [[Islah|reformis]] di dalam [[Islam Sunni|Islam Sunni]], berdasarkan ajaran dari ulama [[Hanbali]] pada abad ke-18, [[Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab]] ({{Circa|1703–1792}})<ref>{{harvnb|Esposito|2003|loc="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab"|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA123 123]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Knowles |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120333822 |title=Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and the Fable |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=9780198609810 |edition=2nd |quote=Wahhabi.. sebuah sekte Muslim Sunni ortodoks yang didirikan oleh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab (1703–92). Ini menganjurkan kembali ke Islam awal Al-Qur'an dan Sunnah}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Commins|2006|p=vi}} "Apa itu Misi Wahhabi?... Pengamat netral bisa mendefinisikan misi Wahhabi sebagai gerakan reformasi agama yang diasosiasikan dengan ajaran Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab (1703–1792)"</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerr, Wright |first=Anne, Edmund |title=A Dictionary of World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780199685691 |edition=3rd |quote=Wahhabism...The doctrine of an Islamic reform movement founded by Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al‐Wahhab (1703–92)... It is based on the Sunni teachings of Ibn Hanbal (780–855)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahsan |first=Sayyid |title=Trends in Islam in Saudi Arabia |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |year=1987 |location=Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh |pages=141–142 |chapter=Chapter – IV Foundations of the Saudi State – ll : Reforms of Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Wagemakers |author-first=Joas |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04435544 |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=21 |location=Leiden and Boston |page=341 |chapter=Part 3: Fundamentalisms and Extremists – The Citadel of Salafism |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_019 |issn=1874-6691 |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=M. Afzal |editor2-link=Afzal Upal |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Political Islam in the Age of Democratization |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1137313492 |editor1-last=Bokhari |editor1-first=Kamran |location=New York |pages=81–100 |chapter=Conditionalist Islamists: The Case of the Salafis |doi=10.1057/9781137313492_5 |editor2-last=Senzai |editor2-first=Farid |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThiuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81}}</ref> Istilah "Wahabisme" pada dasarnya adalah eksonim; istilah ini tidak digunakan oleh Ibnu Abdul Wahhab sendiri atau penganut gerakan tersebut, yang biasanya lebih suka disebut sebagai ''[[Salafiyah|"Salafi"]]'' (istilah ''Salafi'' juga digunakan oleh pengikut gerakan reformasi Islam lainnya).{{efn|Pengikut awal gerakan ini menyebut diri mereka sebagai ''[[Muwahhidun|Muwahhidūn]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bonacina |first=Giovanni |title=The Wahhabis Seen through European Eyes (1772–1830): Deists and Puritans of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-04-29301-4 |location=Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands |chapter=1:A Deistic Revolution in Arabia|pages=12–40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Coller |first=Ian |title=Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-300-24336-9 |location=New Haven, USA |pages=151, 235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bessel, Guyatt, Rendall |first1=Richard, Nicholas, Jane |title=War, Empire and Slavery, 1770–1830 |last2=Bayley |first2=C. A. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-230-54532-8 |location=175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 |pages=21–41 |chapter=1: The ‘Revolutionary Age’ in the Wider World, c. 1790–1830}}</ref> ({{lang-ar|الموحدون|lit="orang yang mengakui keesaan Tuhan" atau "Unitarian"|links=no}}) berasal dari istilah ''[[Tauhid]]'' (keesaan Tuhan). Istilah "Wahabisme" juga digunakan sebagai sektarian<ref>{{harvnb|Commins|2006|pp=vi, 137, 192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daly Metcalf|first=Barbara|jstor=j.ctt7zvmm2|title=Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1982|pages=271–72, 279}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=H. Cordesman|first=Anthony |date=31 December 2002|title=Saudi Arabia Enters The 21st Century: IV. Opposition and Islamic Extremism Final Review|url=https://www.csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/s21_04.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiFp7-1rbzuAhXUV3wKHcKTAu8QFjAFegQICxAB&usg=AOvVaw1Rp_wrGdqoASa8cDzjUiXq|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223180655/https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/s21_04.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2020|website=Center for Strategic and International Studies|pages=8–9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Reem|first=Abu|date=1 April 2007 |title=The Wahhabi Myth: Debunking the Bogeyman |url=https://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/ |website=Muslim Matters |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129021851/https://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/ |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> dan cercaan [[Islamofobia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkin |first=Muriel |date=2000 |title=The Rhetoric of Islamophobia |url=https://www.ca-c.org/online/2000/journal_eng/eng01_2000/16.atkin.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925070024/https://www.ca-c.org/online/2000/journal_eng/eng01_2000/16.atkin.shtml |archive-date=25 September 2021 |website=CA&C Press |quote="In political, as well as religious matters, any Muslim who challenges the status quo is at risk of being labeled a Wahhabi. This is how the KGB and its post-Soviet successors have used the term"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Adeeb |year=2003 |title=A Secular Islam: Nation, State and Religion in Uzbekistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879864 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=573–598 |doi=10.1017/S0020743803000242 |jstor=3879864 |s2cid=162710583 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knysh |first=Alexander |year=2004 |title=A Clear and Present Danger: "Wahhabism" as a Rhetorical Foil |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1571334 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=9–13 |jstor=1571334 |quote="The use of the term to label all distasteful opponents has become so routine in post–Soviet discourse that Feliks Kulov, then Minister for National Security in Kyrgyzstan, could speak in 1997 of “foreign Wahhabi emissaries, from Iran in particular”.."People accused of being “Wahhabis” are routinely charged with treason and subversion against the state" |via=JSTOR}}</ref>}}