Winnipeg: Perbedaan antara revisi

Winnipeg bermula dari suatu daerah pemukiman yang terletak diantara pertemuan aliran dua sungai, yaitu [[Sungai Assiniboine]] and [[Sungai Merah]] (''Red River''). Daerah ini juga dikenal dengan nama [[The Forks, Winnipeg, Manitoba|The Forks]], yang merupakan tempat pertemuan dari berbagai rute sungai yang dilalui oleh kano-kano penduduk asli sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu. Nama ''Winnipeg'' berasal dari kata dari suku [[Cree]] Barat, yang berarti "Air Berlumpur".

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[[Berkas:UpperFortGarryEarly1870s.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Upper Fort Garry in the early 1870s]]

In 1738, the [[Sieur de la Vérendrye]] built the first trading post on the site, [[Fort Rouge (the fort)|Fort Rouge]], which was ultimately abandoned.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/mb/forks/natcul/contact_e.asp |title = Parks Canada |author = The Forks National Historic Site of Canada |accessdate=2007-01-05}}</ref> Other posts were built in the Red River region. [[Fort Gibraltar]] was built by the [[North West Company]] in 1809 and [[Fort Douglas (Canada)|Fort Douglas]] was built by the [[Hudsons Bay Company|Hudson's Bay Company]] in 1812. The two companies fought fiercely over trade in the area with each destroying the other's fort over the course of several battles. In 1821, the Hudson Bay Company and North West Company ended their long rivalry with a merger.

[[Fort Gibraltar]], a post of the North West Company on the site of present-day Winnipeg, was renamed [[Fort Garry]] in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the [[Hudson Bay Company]]. Fort Garry was destroyed in an 1826 flood, and rebuilt in 1835. It played a small role in fur trading, but housed the residence of the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company for many years.

 

In 1869-1870, Winnipeg was the site of the [[Red River Rebellion]], a conflict between the local [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] people led by [[Louis Riel]] and newcomers from eastern Canada. This rebellion led directly to the entry of Manitoba into Confederation as Canada's fifth province in 1870. On [[November 8]], [[1873]], Winnipeg was incorporated as a city. In 1876, the [[post office]] officially adopted the name "Winnipeg," three years after the city's incorporation.

 

Winnipeg experienced a boom during the 1890s and the first two decades of the twentieth century, and the city's population grew from 25,000 in 1891 to more than 200,000 in 1921. The Manitoba [http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/homepage.html Provincial Legislature Building] reflects the optimism of the boom years. Built of [[Tyndall Stone]] in 1920, the highest point, the top of the dome, has a giant statue finished in gold leaf titled "Eternal Youth" but commonly known as the "[[Golden Boy (Manitoba)|Golden Boy]]". The [[Manitoba Legislative Building]] was elaborately designed based on [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] art, architecture, and the revival of classical philosophy and ideas. It has more recently been identified as incorporating extensive Masonic symbolism.

 

Winnipeg's growth slowed considerably after the opening of the [[Panama Canal]] in 1914. The canal reduced reliance on Canada's rail system for international trade, and the increase in ship traffic helped [[Vancouver]] surpass Winnipeg to become Canada's third-largest city in the 1920s.

 

As a result of appalling labour conditions following [[World War I]], 35,000 Winnipeggers walked off the job in May 1919, in what came to be known as the [[Winnipeg General Strike of 1919]]. The government defeated the strike through arrests, deportation and violence. The strike ended in June of 1919, with the reading of the [[Riot Act]] and the death of two strikers and injuring at least 30 others, and was known as ''[[Bloody Saturday]]''. The lasting effect was a polarized population. One of the leaders of the strike, [[J.S. Woodsworth]], went on to found Canada's first socialist party, the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation|CCF]], which would later become the [[New Democratic Party]].

 

[[Berkas:WinnipegGeneralStrike.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Crowd gathered outside old City Hall during the Winnipeg General Strike, [[June 21]], 1919]]

 

The stock market crash in 1929 only hastened an already steep decline in Winnipeg. The [[Great Depression]] resulted in massive unemployment, which was worsened by drought and depressed agricultural prices. By 1937, city officials told a federal commission that they could no longer function without assistance.

 

The Depression ended when [[World War II]] broke out in 1939. Thousands of Canadians volunteered to join the forces. In Winnipeg, the old established armouries of Minto, Tuxedo (Fort Osborne) and McGregor were so crowded that the military had to take over other buildings to handle the capacity.

 

Winnipeg played a large part in the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]] (BCATP). The mandate of the BCATP was to train flight crews away from the battle zone in Europe. Pilots, navigators, bomb aimers, wireless operators, air gunners, and flight engineers all passed through Winnipeg on their way to the various air schools across Western Canada. Winnipeg headquartered Command No. 2. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://canadawiki.org/index.php/World_War_II | title= World War II | publisher= Canadawiki | accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref>

 

The end of World War II brought a new sense of optimism in Winnipeg. Pent-up demand brought a boom in housing development, but the building activity came to a halt in 1950 when city was swamped in the [[Winnipeg Flood]]. The largest flood since 1861 held waters above flood stage for 51 days. On [[May 8]], [[1950]], eight dikes collapsed and four of the city's eleven bridges were destroyed. Nearly 70,000 people had to be evacuated. Premier [[Douglas Lloyd Campbell|Douglas Campbell]] called for federal assistance and Canadian Prime Minister [[Louis St. Laurent]] declared a state of emergency. Soldiers from the [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]] regiment staffed the relief effort for the duration of the flood. Total damages exceeded $1 billion.

 

To prevent future floods, the Red River Basin Investigation recommended a system of flood control measures, including a multiple diking systems and a floodway to divert the [[Red River of the North|Red River]] around Winnipeg. The project, which included the [[Shellmouth Reservoir]] on the upper [[Assiniboine River]], the [[Portage Diversion]] channel and the Fairford River Water Control Structure, cost $99,200,000 [[Canadian dollar|CAD]]. The [[Red River Floodway]] alone cost $62,700,000 [[Canadian dollar|CAD]]. Premier [[Duff Roblin]] reached a cost-sharing agreement with the federal government, with construction beginning in October 1962 and ending in 1968. For many years, both critics and supporters called the floodway "Duff's Ditch."

 

 

== Referensi ==

# Winnipeg Community Profile - Statistics Canada. 2002. 2001 Community Profiles. Tertanggal: June 27, 2002. Modifikasi terakhir: 2005-11-30. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 93F0053XIE.