Hewan: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

Hewan-hewan tertua ditemukan di [[biota Ediakara]], menjelang akhir Prakambrium, sekitar 610 juta tahun yang lalu. Apakah biota Ediakara merupakan hewan telah lama diragukan,<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Shen | first1=Bing | last2=Dong | first2=Lin | last3=Xiao | first3=Shuhai | last4=Kowalewski | first4=Michał | year=2008 | title=The Avalon Explosion: Evolution of Ediacara Morphospace | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/319/5859/81.short | journal=Science | volume=319 | issue=5859 | pages=81–84 | doi=10.1126/science.1150279 | pmid=18174439 | bibcode=2008Sci...319...81S | access-date=2018-04-15 | archive-date=2015-09-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154348/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/319/5859/81.short | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/6/eaao6691 |title=Late Ediacaran trackways produced by bilaterian animals with paired appendages |first1=Zhe |last1=Chen |first2=Xiang |last2=Chen |first3=Chuanming |last3=Zhou |first4=Xunlai |last4=Yuan |first5=Shuhai |last5=Xiao |date=1 June 2018 |journal=Science Advances |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=eaao6691 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aao6691 |pmid=29881773 |pmc=5990303 |access-date=2018-10-08 |archive-date=2018-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629102734/http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/6/eaao6691 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schopf |first=J. William |title=Evolution!: facts and fallacies |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionfactsfa0000unse |year=1999 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-628860-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/evolutionfactsfa0000unse/page/7 7]}}</ref> tetapi penemuan lipid hewan [[kolesterol]] pada fosil ''[[Dickinsonia]]'' menetapkan bahwa biota Ediakara benar-benar merupakan hewan.<ref name="Bobrovskiy Hope Ivantsov Nettersheim pp. 1246–1249"/>

Kebanyakan filum hewan yang diketahui pertama kali muncul dalam catatan fosil selama [[ledakan Kambrium]], dimulai sekitar 542 juta tahun yang lalu, di tempat seperti [[Burgess Shale]]. Filum yang masih ada yang dapat ditemukan di bebatuan ini termasuk [[Moluska]], [[Brachiopoda]], [[Onychophora]], [[Tardigrada]], [[Artropoda]], [[Echinodermata]] dan [[Hemichordata]], bersama dengan berbagai bentuk yang sudah punah seperti ''[[Anomalocaris]]'' yang bersifat [[predator]]. Terjadinya peristiwa tersebut yang tiba-tiba mungkin merupakan artefak dari catatan fosil, bukan menunjukkan bahwa semua hewan ini muncul secara bersamaan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maloof |first1=A. C. |last2=Porter |first2=S. M. |last3=Moore |first3=J. L. |last4=Dudas |first4=F. O. |last5=Bowring |first5=S. A. |last6=Higgins |first6=J. A. |last7=Fike |first7=D. A. |last8=Eddy |first8=M. P. |title=The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |year=2010 |volume=122 |issue=11–12 |pages=1731–1774 |doi=10.1130/B30346.1 |url=http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/122/11-12/1731 |bibcode=2010GSAB..122.1731M |access-date=2018-04-15 |archive-date=2017-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617193216/http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/122/11-12/1731 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Timeline for Appearances of Skeletal Animals in Fossil Record Developed by UCSB Researchers |url=http://www.ia.ucsb.edu/pa/display.aspx?pkey=2364 |publisher=The Regents of the University of California |access-date=1 September 2014 |date=10 November 2010 |archive-date=2014-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903062054/http://www.ia.ucsb.edu/pa/display.aspx?pkey=2364 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Conway-Morris |first=S. |authorlink=Simon Conway Morris |title=The Cambrian "explosion" of metazoans and molecular biology: would Darwin be satisfied? |journal=The International journal of developmental biology |year=2003 |volume=47 |issue=7–8 |pages=505–15 |pmid=14756326 |url=http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper.php?doi=14756326 |access-date=2018-04-15 |archive-date=2018-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716111730/http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper.php?doi=14756326 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Royal Ontario Museum">{{cite web|title=The Tree of Life|url=http://burgess-shale.rom.on.ca/en/science/origin/01-life-tree.php|website=The Burgess Shale|publisher=Royal Ontario Museum|accessdate=28 February 2018|archive-date=2018-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216054845/http://burgess-shale.rom.on.ca/en/science/origin/01-life-tree.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref>