Persebaran geografis penutur bahasa Rusia: Perbedaan antara revisi
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←Membuat halaman berisi 'Artikel ini mendetail '''persebaran geografis penutur bahasa Rusia'''. Setelah pembubaran Uni Soviet pada 1991, status dari bahasa Rusia banyak menjadi bahan perdebatan. Beberapa negara-negara bekas Uni Soviet mengadopsi kebijakan derusifikasi yang bertujuan membalikkan tren sebelumnya yaitu Rusifikasi, sedangkan Belarus di bawah Aleksandr Lukashenko dan Federasi Rusia di bawah Vladimir Putin kembali memperkenalkan kebija...' Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
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Baris 2:
Setelah [[Revolusi Rusia|kejatuhan Kekaisaran Rusia]] pada 1917, negara-negara yang baru merdeka segera melakukan kebijakan derusifikasi, yaitu negara [[Finlandia]], [[Polandia]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Lituania]], dan [[Oblast Kars]] yang merupakan bagian dari [[Turki]].
==Statistik==
[[File:Russian ex-USSR 2004.PNG|thumb|Kompetensi bahasa Rusia di negara-negara bekas Uni Soviet selain [[Federasi Rusia]], 2004]]
===Penutur asli===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Negara !! Penutur !! Persentase !! Tahun !! Referensi
|-
| {{flag|Rusia}} ||118.581.514
| 85,7% || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/vol4pdf-m.html|title=Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку|website=gks.ru|access-date=2018-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320210639/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/vol4pdf-m.html|archive-date=2018-03-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Ukraina}} || 14.273.670||29,6%||2001||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Belarus}} || 6.672.964||70,2%||2009||<ref name=undata/><ref group="note">Data note: "Data refer to mother tongue, defined as the language usually spoken in the individual's home in his or her early childhood." (From the Footnotes section in the cited source)</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}|| 3.793.800 || 21,2% || 2017 || <ref name="rbthlang">{{cite news|last1=Zubacheva|first1=Ksenia|title=Why Russian is still spoken in the former Soviet republics|url=https://www.rbth.com/international/2017/05/16/why-russian-is-still-spoken-in-the-former-soviet-republics_763684|access-date=10 June 2017|work=Russia Beyond The Headlines|date=16 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615220446/https://www.rbth.com/international/2017/05/16/why-russian-is-still-spoken-in-the-former-soviet-republics_763684|archive-date=15 June 2017}}</ref><ref group="note">Based on a 2016 population of 17,855,000 ([http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Kazakhstan UN Statistics Division] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125143327/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Kazakhstan|date=2014-01-25}})</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}} || 720.300 || 2,1% || 2021||<ref name="автоссылка1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/08/20/ethnic-groups/|title=Опубликованы данные об этническом составе населения Узбекистана|date=August 20, 2021|website=Газета.uz}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Latvia}} || 698.757 || 33,8% ||2011||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Kirgizstan}} || 482.200 || 8,9% || 2009 || <ref name="kyrcen">{{cite web|title=Population And Housing Census Of The Kyrgyz Republic Of 2009 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_phc/Kyrgyzstan/A5-2PopulationAndHousingCensusOfTheKyrgyzRepublicOf2009.pdf |publisher=UN Stats |access-date=1 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710092216/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Kyrgyzstan/A5-2PopulationAndHousingCensusOfTheKyrgyzRepublicOf2009.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Estonia}} || 383.118||29,6%||2011||<ref name="undata" />
|-
| {{flag|Turkmenistan}} || 305.802||5,4%||2016||<ref name="ft-2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c42fbd1c-1e08-11e7-b7d3-163f5a7f229c |title=Russian language in decline as post-Soviet states reject it |publisher=[[Financial Times]] |date=13 April 2017 |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Moldova}} || 264.162 || 9,7% || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Structure of population by mother tongue, in territorial aspect in 2014|url=http://www.statistica.md/public/files/Recensamint/Recensamint_pop_2014/Rezultate/Tabele/Caracteristici_populatie_RPL_2014_rom_rus_eng.xls|publisher=Statistica.md|access-date=10 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703004142/http://www.statistica.md/public/files/Recensamint/Recensamint_pop_2014/Rezultate/Tabele/Caracteristici_populatie_RPL_2014_rom_rus_eng.xls|archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Lituania}} || 190.733 ||6,8%||2021||<ref name="undata" /><ref name="StatLIT">{{cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2021 |url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/en/gyventoju-ir-bustu-surasymai1 |publisher=[[Statistics Lithuania]] |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || 122.449||1,4%||2009||<ref name="undata" />
|-
| {{flag|Georgia}} || 45.920 || 1,2% || 2014 ||<ref name="undata" />
|-
| {{flag|Tajikistan}} || 40.598||0,5%||2012||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Armenia}} || 23.484||0,8%||2011||<ref name="undata">{{cite web|title=Population by language, sex and urban/rural residence|url=http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode%3a27%3bareaCode%3a0%3bsexCode%3a0&c=2,3,5,7,9,11,13,14,15&s=_vcvv2:asc,_countryEnglishNameOrderBy:asc,refYear:desc&v=1|publisher=UNdata|access-date=13 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519181010/http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode%3A27%3BareaCode%3A0%3BsexCode%3A0&c=2%2C3%2C5%2C7%2C9%2C11%2C13%2C14%2C15&s=_vcvv2%3Aasc%2C_countryEnglishNameOrderBy%3Aasc%2CrefYear%3Adesc&v=1|archive-date=19 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Australia}} || 54.874||0,2%||2022||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/language|title=Language spoken at home | Australia | Community profile|website=profile.id.com.au}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Austria}} || 8.446||0,1%||2001||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Kanada}} || 112.150||0,3%||2011||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Kroasia}} || 1.592||0,04%||2011||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Siprus}} || 20.984||2,5%||2011||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Republik Ceko}} || 31.622||0,3%||2011||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Finlandia}} || 87.552||1,6%||2021||<ref>{{cite web |title=Language according to age and sex by region, 1990-2021 |url=https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/ |publisher=Statistics Finland |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Jerman}} || 2.257.000 || 2,8% || 2010 ||<ref>{{Cite book|last=Berlin|first=Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)|date=2011-11-09|title=Adult Education Survey (AES 2010 - Germany)|chapter-url=https://dbk.gesis.org/dbksearch/SDesc2.asp?ll=10¬abs=&af=&nf=1&search=Employment&search2=&db=E&no=5074&tab=3&dab=0&dac=2|language=en|doi=10.4232/1.10825|access-date=2018-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109070659/https://dbk.gesis.org/dbksearch/SDesc2.asp?ll=10¬abs=&af=&nf=1&search=Employment&search2=&db=E&no=5074&tab=3&dab=0&dac=2|archive-date=2018-11-09|url-status=live|publisher=GESIS Data Archive|chapter=KAT38 Occupation, Profession}}</ref><ref name="eurostatpop" group="note">Population data by Eurostat, using the source year. {{cite web|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-054722_QID_-3EA25038_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;INDIC_DE,L,Z,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,1;&zSelection=DS-054722INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-054722INDIC_DE,JAN;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDIC-DE_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName4=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=FIXED&time_most_recent=false&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23|title=The number of persons having their usual residence in a country on 1 January of the respective year.|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} || 2.104 || 0,14% || 2009 ||<ref name=undata/>
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|1.155.960
|15%
|2011
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=201319017|title=Selected Data from the 2011 Social Survey on Mastery of the Hebrew Language and Usage of Languages (Hebrew Only)|author=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=12 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013135223/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=201319017|archive-date=13 October 2013|url-status=dead|author-link=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref><ref group="note">Based on a 2011 population of 7,706,400 ([http://www1.cbs.gov.il/ts/ID6032c5229b0e92/ Central Bureau of Statistics of Israel]{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}})</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Mauritius}} || 40 || 0,003% || 2011 ||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Selandia Baru}} || 7.896||0,2%||2006||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Norwegia}} || 16.833||0,3%||2012||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Polandia}} || 21.916||0,1%||2011||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Rumania}} || 23.487 || 0,11% || 2011 ||<ref name="ro">{{cite journal|url=https://www.revistadesociologie.ro/pdf-uri/nr.3-4-2014/05-MConstantin.pdf|title=The ethno-cultural belongingness of Aromanians, Vlachs, Catholics, and Lipovans/Old Believers in Romania and Bulgaria (1990–2012)|first=Marin|last=Constantin|journal=Revista Română de Sociologie|location=[[Bucharest]]|volume=25|issue=3–4|pages=255–285|year=2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Serbia}} || 3.179||0,04%||2011||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Slowakia}} || 1.866||0,03%||2001||<ref name=undata/>
|-
| {{flag|Swedia}} || 29.000||0,3%||2012||<ref>{{cite web |title=Här är 20 största språken i Sverige |url=https://spraktidningen.se/2016/03/har-ar-20-storsta-spraken-i-sverige/ |website=Språktidningen |date=28 March 2016 |access-date=10 January 2023 |language=Swedish}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || 900.205 || 0,3% || 2016 || <ref name="usspokenhome">{{cite news |title= Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over |agency= U.S. Census Bureau, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url= https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B16001/0100000US%7c0400000US22%7c0400000US23 |publisher= American FactFinder, factfinder.census.gov |date= 2017 |access-date= 4 November 2018 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200214005518/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B16001/0100000US%7C0400000US22%7C0400000US23 |archive-date= 14 February 2020 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|}
====Wilayah subnasional====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Wilayah !! Negara !! Penutur [[Bahasa pertama|L1]] !! Persentase !! Tahun !! Referensi
|-
| [[County Harju]] || {{flag|Estonia}} || 208.517 || 37,7% || 2011 ||<ref name="statsest">{{cite web |title=RL0433: Population by mother tongue, sex, age group and administrative unit, 31 December 2011 |url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=RL0433 |website=Statistics Estonia |access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[County Ida-Viru]] || {{flag|Estonia}} || 121.680 || 81,6% || 2011 ||<ref name="statsest"/>
|-
| [[Uusimaa]] || {{flag|Finlandia}} || 38.576 || 2,36% || 2018 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4|title=Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot}}</ref>
|-
| [[Wilayah statistik di Latvia|Wilayah Riga]] || {{flag|Latvia}} || 326.478 || 55,8% || 2011 || <ref name="latviastat">{{cite web |title=TSG11-071. Ethnicities of resident population in statistical regions, cities under state jurisdiction and counties by language mostly spoken at home; on 1 March 2011 |url=https://data1.csb.gov.lv:443/sq/24081 |website=Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia |access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Wilayah statistik di Latvia|Wilayah Pieriga]] || {{flag|Latvia}} || 87.769 || 25,9% || 2011 || <ref name="latviastat"/>
|-
| [[Wilayah statistik di Latvia|Wilayah Vidzeme]] || {{flag|Latvia}} || 16.682 || 8,4% || 2011 || <ref name="latviastat"/>
|-
| [[Wilayah statistik di Latvia|Wilayah Kurzeme]] || {{flag|Latvia}} || 47.213 || 19,3% || 2011 || <ref name="latviastat"/>
|-
| [[Wilayah statistik di Latvia|Wilayah Zemgale]] || {{flag|Latvia}} || 54.761 || 23,3% || 2011 || <ref name="latviastat"/>
|-
| [[Wilayah statistik di Latvia|Wilayah Latgale]] || {{flag|Latvia}} || 165.854 || 60,3% || 2011 || <ref name="latviastat"/>
|-
| [[County Klaipėda]] || {{flag|Lituania}} || 34.074 || 10,57% || 2021 || <ref name="StatLIT"/>
|-
| [[County Utena]] || {{flag|Lithuania}} || 18.551 || 14,54% || 2021 || <ref name="StatLIT"/>
|-
| [[County Vilnius]] || {{flag|Lituania}} || 109.045 || 13,45% || 2021 || <ref name="StatLIT"/>
|-
| [[Krimea]] || {{flag|Ukraina}}|| 1.842.606 || 84,1% || 2014 || <ref>{{cite web |title=4.6. Население отдельных национальностей по родному языку |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim.htm |website=gks.ru |access-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122514/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim.htm |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
===Penutur asli dan non-asli===
====Bekas Uni Soviet====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Negara !! Penutur !! Persentase !! Tahun !! Referensi
|-
| {{flag|Armenia}} || 1.591.246 || 52,7% || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Population (urban, rural) by Ethnicity, Sex and Fluency in Other Language|url=http://armstat.am/file/doc/99486263.pdf|publisher=ArmStat|access-date=27 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019200809/http://armstat.am/file/doc/99486263.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || 678.102 || 7,6% || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Distribution of population by native language and freely command of languages (based on 2009 population census)|url=https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/en/001_11-12en.xls|publisher=State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan|access-date=27 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113191026/http://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/en/001_11-12en.xls|archive-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Estonia}} || 928.655 || 71,7% || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|title=PC0444: Population By Mother Tongue, Command Of Foreign Languages, Sex, Age Group And County, 31 December 2011|url=http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC0444&ti=POPULATION+BY+MOTHER+TONGUE%2C+COMMAND+OF+FOREIGN+LANGUAGES%2C+SEX%2C+AGE+GROUP+AND+COUNTY%2C+31+DECEMBER+2011&path=../I_Databas/Population_census/PHC2011/01Demographic_and_ethno_cultural_characteristics/04Ethnic_nationality_Languages_Dialects/&lang=1|publisher=Stat.ee|access-date=27 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226140529/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC0444&ti=POPULATION+BY+MOTHER+TONGUE%2C+COMMAND+OF+FOREIGN+LANGUAGES%2C+SEX%2C+AGE+GROUP+AND+COUNTY%2C+31+DECEMBER+2011&path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation_census%2FPHC2011%2F01Demographic_and_ethno_cultural_characteristics%2F04Ethnic_nationality_Languages_Dialects%2F&lang=1|archive-date=26 December 2014}}</ref><ref group="note">Includes 383,118 native and 545,537 non-native speakers.</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || 10.309.500 || 84,8% || 2009 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Results of the 2009 National population census of the Republic of Kazakhstan|url=https://www.liportal.de/fileadmin/user_upload/oeffentlich/Kasachstan/40_gesellschaft/Kaz2009_Analytical_report.pdf|access-date=27 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127203258/https://www.liportal.de/fileadmin/user_upload/oeffentlich/Kasachstan/40_gesellschaft/Kaz2009_Analytical_report.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref group="note">People aged 15 and above who can read and write Russian well.</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Kirgizstan}} || 1.854.700 || 49,6% || 2009 || <ref name="kyrcen"/><ref group="note">Data refers to the resident population aged 15 years and over.</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Lituania}} || 1.894.158 || 67,4% || 2021 || <ref name="StatLIT"/><ref group="note">Includes 190,733 native and 1,703,425 non-native speakers.</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Federasi Rusia}} || 137.494.893||96,2%||2010||<ref name=undata/><ref group="note">Data note: "Including all of persons who stated each language spoken, whether as their only language or as one of several languages. Where a person reported more than one language spoken, they have been counted in each applicable group."</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Tajikistan}} || 1.963.857 || 25,9% || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Национальный состав и владение языками, гражданство населения Республики Таджикистан|url=http://www.stat.tj/img/526b8592e834fcaaccec26a22965ea2b_1355500027.pdf|publisher=Агентство по статистике при Президенте Республики Таджикистан|access-date=27 November 2017|page=58|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113220950/http://www.stat.tj/img/526b8592e834fcaaccec26a22965ea2b_1355500027.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Ukraina}} || || 68% || 2006 || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://regnum.ru/news/749712.html|title=Украинцы лучше владеют русским языком, чем украинским: соцопрос|website=ИА REGNUM}}</ref>
|}
====Negara lainnya====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Negara !! Persentase !! Tahun !! Referensi
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|0,4% asli
|2012
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| {{flag|Bulgaria}} || 23% dapat memulai percakapan || 2012 || <ref name="ebs386" />
|-
| {{flag|Siprus}} || 2,8% || ||
|-
| {{flag|Hungaria}} || 1,6% || 2011 || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ksh.hu/nepszamlalas/tablak_teruleti_00|title=Központi Statisztikai Hivatal|website=www.ksh.hu}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Polandia}} || 18% || 2012 || <ref name="europe">{{Cite web |date=20 June 2013 |title=Europeans and their languages |url=https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/f551bd64-8615-4781-9be1-c592217dad83 |publisher=Publications Office of the EU}}</ref>
|}
| |||