Melbourne: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 90:
|publisher= Caslon |accessdate= 29 September 2008
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Baris 110:
Tahun 1888, Exhibition Building menjadi tuan rumah kegiatan kedua yang lebih besar daripada sebelumnya, Melbourne Centennial Exhibition. Dampaknya, banyak hotel baru dibangun, termasuk [[Federal Hotel, Melbourne|Federal Hotel]] berkapasitas 500 kamar, The Palace Hotel di Bourke Street (dua-duanya sudah dihancurkan), dan perluasan [[Hotel Windsor (Melbourne)|Grand (Windsor)]].
[[Boosterisme]] (pencitraan) dadakan yang menjadi ciri khas Melbourne berakhir pada awal 1890-an akibat depresi ekonomi parah yang mengacaukan industri keuangan dan properti lokal.<ref name="University1"/><ref name="localhistories">{{cite web | url = http://www.localhistories.org/melbourne.html | title = A Brief History of Melbourne | last = Lambert | first = Tim | publisher = Local Histories | accessdate = 29 September 2008 | archive-date = 2013-01-13 | archive-url = https://archive.
=== Ibu kota ''de facto'' ===
Baris 121:
[[Berkas:Orica House.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|[[ICI House]], simbol kemajuan dan modernitas Melbourne pada masa pascaperang]]
Batas ketinggian bangunan di CBD dicabut tahun 1958 seiring rampungnya [[ICI House]]. Sejak saat itu, berbagai [[pencakar langit]] mulai menghiasi kota. Perluasan pinggiran kota semakin gencar dan dibarengi oleh pembangunan pusat-pusat perbelanjaan baru seperti [[Chadstone Shopping Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/gallery/image.php?id=802|archiveurl=https://archive.
Untuk melawan arus pertumbuhan pinggiran kota yang kepadatannya rendah, pemerintah melalui [[Housing Commission of Victoria]] mencanangkan proyek perumahan umum kontroversial di pusat kota. Kawasan permukiman yang sudah ada dihancurkan dan menara-menara hunian dibangun di atasnya.<ref>{{cite book | first = William | last= Logan | title = The Gentrification of inner Melbourne: a political geography of inner city housing | publisher = University of Queensland Press | year = 1985 | location = Brisbane, Australia | pages = [https://archive.org/details/gentrificationof0000loga/page/148 148]–160 |url=https://archive.org/details/gentrificationof0000loga| id = | isbn = 0-7022-1729-8 }}</ref> Beberapa tahun kemudian, seiring meningkatnya jumlah pemilik kendaraan bermotor, pembangunan jalan tol dan jalan bebas hambatan mempercepat perkembangan pinggiran kota dan menyusutkan populasi pusat kota. Pemerintahan [[Henry Bolte|Bolte]] ingin mempercepat modernisasi Melbourne. Proyek-proyek jalan besar seperti penataan ulang [[St Kilda Junction]], pelebaran [[Hoddle Street]], dan [[Rencana Transportasi Melbourne 1969]] mengubah Melbourne menjadi kota yang ramah mobil.<ref>{{cite web | last = Millar | first = Royce | title = Road to ... where? | work = Age | publisher = Fairfax | date = 7 November 2005 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/road-to-where/2005/11/06/1131211946903.html | accessdate = 11 December 2012 | archive-date = 2012-11-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121106110308/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/road-to-where/2005/11/06/1131211946903.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>
Baris 387:
|last = Gardiner
|archive-date = 2012-12-03
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}}</ref> dan [[sampah sembarang|sampah]]. Hampir 350.000 puntung rokok dibuang ke saluran pipa air hujan setiap hari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aius.org.au/indicators/sectiontype.cfm?ThemeID=11&SectionTypeID=2 |title=AIUS Indicators |work=Environmental indicators for Metropolitan Melbourne |author=Australian Institute of Urban Studies and City of Melbourne |publisher=Australian Institute of Urban Studies |accessdate=18 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113175957/http://www.aius.org.au/indicators/sectiontype.cfm?ThemeID=11&SectionTypeID=2 |archivedate=13 November 2007 }}</ref> Pemerintah mencanangkan sejumlah program untuk meminimalkan polusi pantai dan sungai.<ref name="epabeach"/><ref name="litter1">{{cite web|url=http://www.litter.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Victoria%27s_Litter_Strategy_Sep95.pdf |format=PDF |title=Victoria's Litter reduction Strategy |publisher=State Government of Victoria |accessdate=29 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722054406/http://www.litter.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Victoria%27s_Litter_Strategy_Sep95.pdf |archivedate=22 July 2008 |df= }}</ref> Pada Februari 2010, pemerintah meluncurkan ''[[The Transition Decade]]'', program keberlanjutan masyarakat, ekonomi, dan lingkungan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beyondzeroemissions.org/transition-decade-launch-ten-year-transition-safe-climate-and-sustainable-future |title=Transition decade launch |publisher=Beyond Zero Emissions |date=19 January 2010 |accessdate=21 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212131005/http://beyondzeroemissions.org/transition-decade-launch-ten-year-transition-safe-climate-and-sustainable-future |archivedate=12 February 2010 |df= }}</ref>
Baris 681:
[[Berkas:Bolte bridge dusk.jpg|jmpl|[[Bolte Bridge]] adalah bagian dari sistem jalan tol [[CityLink]].]]
Layaknya kota-kota lain di Australia, penduduk Melbourne sangat bergantung kepada mobil pribadi,<ref name="newman">[http://www.mtf.org.au/binary.php/resouces_presentation/mtf_launch_presentation_071105_handout_.pdf Most Liveable and Best Connected?] The Economic Benefits of Investing in Public Transport in Melbourne, by Jan Scheurer, Jeff Kenworthy, and [[Peter Newman (Australian)|Peter Newman]] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827051335/http://www.mtf.org.au/binary.php/resouces_presentation/mtf_launch_presentation_071105_handout_.pdf|date=27 August 2006}}</ref> khususnya di kawasan pinggiran terluar yang jumlah mobil pribadinya sangat banyak.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2007 |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22561141-2862,00.html |title=Still addicted to cars |work=Herald Sun |location=Australia |accessdate=18 July 2008 |archive-date=2012-12-09 |archive-url=https://archive.
| date = 14 February 2004
| url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/11/1076388428001.html
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