Pengguna:Rizhmd21/Draf: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Tag: Suntingan visualeditor-wikitext |
Tag: Suntingan visualeditor-wikitext |
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Baris 32:
| pregnancy_category =
| dependency_liability = Tinggi<ref name="AHFS2018"/>
| addiction_liability = Tinggi<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E |date=2012 |title=Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and administrative procedures |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9781455701506 |page=571 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&pg=PA571 |url-status=live |access-date=20 Agustus 2019 |archive-date=28 Juli 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728034412/https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&pg=PA571 | language = en}}</ref>
| routes_of_administration = [[Pemberian nasal|Insuflasi]], [[intravena]], [[Pemberian oral|oral]], [[Pemberian rektal|rektal]], [[sublingual]], [[transdermal]]<ref name=AHFS2018/>
| class = [[Stimulan]] {{abbr|SSP|sistem saraf pusat}} & {{abbr|NDRI|Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor}}
Baris 45:
| legal_BR_comment = <ref>{{Cite web |author=Anvisa |author-link=Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency |date=2023-03-31 |title=RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial |trans-title=Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control|url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |access-date=2023-08-03 |publisher=[[Diário Oficial da União]] |language=pt-BR |publication-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>
| legal_CA = Schedule III
| legal_CA_comment = <ref>{{cite web | title=Ritalin Product information | website=Health Canada | date=25 April 2012 | url=https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=800 | access-date=11 Juni 2022 | archive-date=11 Juni 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611233512/https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info.do?lang=en&code=800 | url-status=live | language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | website=Justice Laws Website | date=31 Maret 2022 | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/FullText.html | access-date=11 Juni 2022 | archive-date=21 Agustus 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821102842/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/fulltext.html | url-status=live | language = en}}</ref>
| legal_DE = Anlage III
| legal_DE_comment =
Baris 53:
| legal_UK_comment =
| legal_US = Schedule II
| legal_US_comment = <ref name="Ritalin FDA label">{{cite web | title=Ritalin- methylphenidate hydrochloride tablet | website=DailyMed | date=26 Juni 2021 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c0bf0835-6a2f-4067-a158-8b86c4b0668a | access-date=26 Maret 2022 | archive-date=20 Maret 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052349/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c0bf0835-6a2f-4067-a158-8b86c4b0668a | url-status=live | language = en}}</ref><ref name="Ritalin LA FDA label">{{cite web | title=Ritalin LA- methylphenidate hydrochloride capsule, extended release | website=DailyMed | date=26 Juni 2021 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=effd952d-ac94-47bb-b107-589a4934dcca | access-date=26 Maret 2022 | archive-date=26 Maret 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230529/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=effd952d-ac94-47bb-b107-589a4934dcca | url-status=live | language = en}}</ref><ref name="Concerta FDA label">{{cite web | title=Concerta- methylphenidate hydrochloride tablet, extended release | website=DailyMed | date=1 Juli 2021 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1a88218c-5b18-4220-8f56-526de1a276cd | access-date=26 Maret 2022 | archive-date=26 Maret 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230808/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1a88218c-5b18-4220-8f56-526de1a276cd | url-status=live | language = en}}</ref><ref name="Daytrana FDA label">{{cite web | title=Daytrana- methylphenidate patch | website=DailyMed | date=15 Juni 2021 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2c312c31-3198-4775-91ab-294e0b4b9e7f | access-date=26 Maret 2022 | archive-date=19 Maret 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319232456/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2c312c31-3198-4775-91ab-294e0b4b9e7f | url-status=live | language = en}}</ref>
| legal_EU =
| legal_EU_comment =
Baris 113:
| melting_point = 74
| melting_high =
| melting_notes = <ref name="Pubchem properties">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Methylphenidate|section-url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=4158#x27|website=Pubchem Compound|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|section=Chemical and Physical Properties|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=6 Januari 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106100442/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=4158#x27|url-status=live | language = en}}</ref>
| boiling_point = 136
| boiling_notes = <ref name="Pubchem properties" />
Baris 121:
}}
<!-- Definisi dan penggunaan medis -->
'''Metilfenidat''', yang dijual dengan merek dagang '''Ritalin''', '''Concerta''' dan sebagainya, merupakan [[stimulan|terapi stimulan]] [[sistem saraf pusat]] (SSP) yang digunakan untuk mengobati [[gangguan pemusatan perhatian dan hiperaktivitas]] (''attention deficit hyperactivity disorder'', ADHD) dan, yang lebih jarang, [[narkolepsi]]. Obat ini merupakan [[terapi lini pertama]] untuk mengobati ADHD (misalnya di [[Britania Raya]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Desember 2021 |title=Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Treatment |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/treatment/ |access-date=18 Oktober 2022 |website=National Health Service (NHS) | language = en}}</ref>). Obat ini dapat dikonsumsi [[Pemberian oral|melalui mulut]] atau diaplikasikan ke kulit, dan formulasi yang berbeda memiliki durasi efek yang bervariasi, yang umumnya berkisar dari 2–4 jam.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web |title=Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methylphenidate-hydrochloride.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |access-date=19 Desember 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182550/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methylphenidate-hydrochloride.html |archive-date=19 Desember 2018 |url-status=live | language = en}}</ref>
<!-- Efek samping -->
Reaksi samping yang umum dari metilfenidat meliputi: [[takikardia]], [[palpitasi]], [[sakit kepala]], [[insomnia]], [[Kecemasan|cemas]], [[hiperhidrosis]], penurunan berat badan, penurunan nafsu makan, mulut kering, mual, dan nyeri abdomen.<ref name="Ritalin FDA label">{{cite web | title=Ritalin- methylphenidate hydrochloride tablet | website=DailyMed | date=26 Juni 2021 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c0bf0835-6a2f-4067-a158-8b86c4b0668a | access-date=26 Maret 2022 | archive-date=20 Maret 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052349/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c0bf0835-6a2f-4067-a158-8b86c4b0668a | url-status=live | language = en}}</ref> [[Putus obat|Gejala putus obat]] dapat meliputi: menggigil, [[Depresi (psikologi)|depresi]], [[kantuk]], [[disforia]], [[kelelahan|lelah]], [[sakit kepala]], [[iritabilitas|mudah marah]], [[letargi]], [[mimpi buruk]], [[Agitasi psikomotor|gelisah]], pikiran bunuh diri, dan lemas.<ref name="AHFS2018"/>
<!-- Mekanisme aksi -->
Metilfenidat dipercaya bekerja dengan cara memblokir ''[[reuptake]]'' [[dopamin]] dan [[Noradrenalin|norepinefrin]] oleh [[sel saraf]].<ref name="Arn2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arnsten AF, Li BM | title = Neurobiology of executive functions: catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical functions | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 57 | issue = 11 | pages = 1377–1384 | date = Juni 2005 | pmid = 15950011 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.019 | s2cid = 22992765 | language = en}}</ref><ref name="St4th">{{cite book | vauthors = Stahl SM |date=11 April 2013 |title=Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107686465 |edition=4 | language = en}}</ref> Obat ini merupakan stimulan [[sistem saraf pusat]] (SSP) golongan [[fenetilamin subtitusi|fenetilamin]] dan [[piperidin]].
== Etimologi ==
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