|
[[Image:Black_bloc.jpg|thumb|320px|left|Black bloc pada tanggal [[12 April]] [[2003]] dalam demonstrasi anti-perang di Washington DC.]]
'''Blok hitam''' (atau biasa disebut dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] : '''''Black bloc''''') adalah sebuah [[kelompok affinitas]] dari individu-individu yang datang bersama-sama dalam suatu protes, demonstrasi, atau bergabung dalam suatu gerakan [[perlawanan kelas]], gerakan [[Antikapitalisme]], maupun gerakan [[Antiglobalisasi]], dengan memakai pakaian serba hitam. Pakaian berwarna hitam dan [[topeng]]penutup muka digunakan untuk membuat sebuah blok massa terlihat seperti sebuah massa yang besar, dan juga mendorong terjadinya solidaritas, menciptakan kehadiran revolusioner yang jelas, (biasanya berhubungan dengan [[anarkisme]]), dan juga untuk menghindarkan identifikasi oleh otoritas, yang biasanya merekam semua kegiatan protes kemudian menyimpannya serta mengidentifikasi.
<!--
A '''black bloc''' is an [[affinity group]] of individuals, that come together during some sort of protest, demonstration, or event involving [[class struggle]], [[anti-capitalism]], or [[anti-globalization]], and wear all black. Black clothing and masks are used to make the bloc appear to be one large mass, promote solidarity, create a clear revolutionary presence, (usually associated with [[anarchism]]), and also to avoid being identified by authorities, who videotape protest events. -->
Terdapat pemahaman yang keliru mengenai Blok hitam, terutama yang beredar di media berita besar, bahwa "Blok hitam" adalah sebuah organisasi internasional, padahal sesungguhnya Blok hitam itu tidak lebih dari sebuah taktik yang digunakan oleh sebagian orang dalam demonstrasi. Dalam sebuah Blok hitam, bisa saja beberapa orang dalam sebuah aksi protes tertentu, memiliki perbedaan taktik dan tujuan. Seperti semua kelompok affinitas, aksi-aksi mereka didasarkan pada rasa saling percaya diantara sesama mereka yang bergabung.
<!--
There is a mistaken belief, especially among the mainstream news media, that the "Black Bloc" is an international organization of some kind, when in fact it is nothing more than a tactic used by a subset of demonstrators. There may be several black blocs within a particular [[protest]], with different aims and tactics. Like all [[affinity groups]], they are based on common trust between those involved, and usually share a common goal such as blocking delegates from entering a trade meeting, and a mutual understanding of shared tactics. Black blocs tend to be made up largely of anarchists, but can include many other anti-capitalist groups.
Blok hitam telah muncul di berbagai demonstrasi di sepanjang tahun [[90-an]]. Salah satu yang terbesar adalah aksi Blok hitam dalam demonstrasi ''"Millions for Mumia"'' yang massa aksi blok hitam mencapai jumlah sekitar 1500 hingga 2000 orang. Namun aksi Blok hitam menjadi populer pada saat protes pertemuan [[WTO]] di [[seattle]] pada tahun [[1999]].
Black blocs are differentiated from other anti-globalist groups by their routine use of vandalism and property destruction to bring attention to their opposition to multi-national corporations and the support perceived to be enjoyed by these companies from Western governments. An example of this activity is the destruction of storefronts of [[The Gap]], [[Starbucks]], [[Old Navy]], and other retail locations in downtown Seattle during the 1999 [[WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity|anti-WTO demonstrations]].
== Tipikal taktik Blok hitam ==
The tradition of black blocking grew out of the [[Autonome|autonomen]] movements in [[Germany]] in the [[1980s]]; Autonomen wore black during militant action in the process of [[squat]] defenses, and during solidarity-demonstrations for the [[Red Army Faction]]. One explanation for the Autonomen's clothing choice is that black was the color of the leather jackets that [[squat]]ters wore for warmth and to deflect blows from police batons, whereas ski masks were practical ways to filter out [[tear gas]] and to protect one's identity. They were dubbed by the German media as ''der schwarze Block''. The tradition was first seen in the [[United States|United States of America]] during protests against the [[Gulf War]] in [[Iraq]], [[February]] [[1991]] where it was initiated by [[Love and Rage]], a North American revolutionary anarchist organization. Black as a color has historically been associated with [[anarchism]], dating back to the [[anarchist symbolism|black flag]]s which accompanied bread riots at the time leading up to the [[Paris Commune]].
Taktik yang dilakukan oleh Blok hitam sangat lah variatif dari aksi ke aksi. Beberapa diantara taktik yang cukup populer dilakukan adalah teknik ''unaresting'' (usaha pelepasan kembali mereka yang tertangkap) dan melakukan ''arm-linking'' (rantai manusia dengan bergandengan tangan).
=== ''Unaresting'' ===
Typical actions of a black bloc are marching in a bloc, being a visible manifestation of anarchist and anti-capitalist politics, taking to the streets without a permit, distracting police, misleading police about protester motions, 'unarresting' people already arrested by police, administering first aid to persons affected by tear gas in areas where protesters are barred from entering, building barricades, attacking/disarming police, and unmasking police who pose as black blockers. Some black blockers also engage in [[vandalism]], [[rioting]] and [[street fighting]]. Although black blocking is usually connected with some form of [[direct action]], black blocs also participate in wholly [[symbolic action]], as well as action that falls entirely within traditional definitions of [[nonviolence]]. Property destruction carried out by black blocs tends to have symbolic significance: common targets include banks, institutional buildings, outlets for [[multinational corporation]]s, [[pornography]] and sex shops, gasoline stations, and video-surveillance cameras. The reasons for engaging in property destruction often include reasons other than symbolic protest.
''Unaresting'' adalah dimana para Blok hitam berusaha melepaskan orang-orang yang melawan saat mereka ditangkap. Hal ini biasanya berhasil apabila jumlah massa aksi lebih besar daripada jumlah [[polisi]]. Hal ini juga berhasil karena kebanyakan polisi terkejut melihat para aktivis akan berusaha membebaskan seseorang.
=== ''Arm-linking'' ===
Groups such as the [[WOMBLES]] and [[Wild Greens]] advocate participating in black bloc activity, and have similar agendas. Groups that have engaged in similar forms of action include [[Radical Anti-Capitalist Blocs]], [[Anti-Racist Action]], and [[Anti-Fascist Action]]. During the [[2003]] [[G8]] summit in [[Évian-les-Bains|Evian]], militant demonstrators rejected the name "Black Bloc" and chose instead to be called the "Anthracite Bloc" or the "Charcoal Bloc."
''Arm-linking'' membantu barisan aktivis untuk tetap solid dan membuat polisi makin sulit untuk memecah barisan. Ini adalah salah satu formasi yang dipelajari dari polisi, hanya ini bersifat spontan dan organis.
== Daftar beberapa aksi-aksi Blok hitam ==
After the protests of global summits that occurred across [[Europe]] during the summer of [[2001]], European courts have started to prosecute activists on [[mafia]], [[gang]], [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]], [[racketeering]], and [[terrorism]] charges for alleged black bloc activity. This was the case with the [[Publixtheatre Caravan]], a group of 25 artists imprisoned for a month after the [[G8]] summit in [[Genoa]]. The [[European Union]] is conducting Europe-wide investigations of black bloc activity in terms of an international conspiracy. The heavy sentences given to demonstrators arrested during and after the [[European Union]] summit in [[Gothenburg]] [[2001]] (see also ''[[Terrorister]]''), as well as the terrorism charges levied against those arrested during and after the [[G8]] summit in [[Genoa]], [[2001]], and the [[European Union]] summit near [[Thessaloniki]], [[Greece]], [[2003]], reflect this view.
[[Gambar:Biotech conference bb.jpg|left|thumb|Blok hitam di Konferensi Biodev sambil melakukan ''Arm-linking'' - Juni 2003]]
Berikut beberapa aksi Blok hitam yang tercatat dan cukup terkenal :
* [[1992]] - [[Washington, DC|Washington DC]] - Aksi anti [[Perang Teluk]]. Jendela-jendela kaca gedung [[Bank Dunia]] dipecahkan.
* [[1992]] - [[San Fransisco]] - [[Columbus Day]]. Blok hitam memprotes 500 tahun dimulainya pembantaian suku [[Indian]] di [[Amerika]].
* [[24 April]] [[1999]] - [[Philadelpia]] - 1500 hingga 2000 [[anarkis]] tergabung dalam Blok hitam sebagai solidaritas atas [[Mumia Abu-Jamal]].
* [[30 November]] [[1999]] - [[Seattle]] - Aksi anti WTO yang berakibat satu distrik pusat perbelanjaan mengalami ''"shoping anarkis"''.
* [[16 April|16]] / [[17 April]] 2000 - Washington DC - Berada dibawah nama RACB (''Revolutionary Anti-Capitalis Bloc'') memprotes [[IMF]] dan Bank Dunia, sekitar 700 - 1000 anarkis bergabung didalamnya.
* [[1 Mei]] ([[May Day]]) [[2000]] - Blok hitam muncul di [[New York]], [[Chicago]], dan [[Portland]].
* [[1 Agustus]] [[2000]] - Aksi protes jalanan selama diadakannya konvensi [[GOP]].
== See also ==
*[[Anti-globalization movement]]
*[[Union flying squad]]
*[[Anarchist Black Cross]]
-->
== Pranala luar ==
* {{en}} [http://www.infoshop.org/blackbloc.html Black Bloc untuk pemula]
* {{en}} [http://www.infoshop.org/texts/blackbloc_pix.html Koleksi foto-foto aksi Blok hitam]
* {{en}} [http://www.why-war.com/guides/2003/11/blackblocs.html Blok, Hitam dan sebaliknya]
* {{fr}} [http://www.entremonde.net/article.php3?id_article=14 Black Block: Presentasi dan analisis oleh seorang militan]
* {{en}} [http://www.crimethinc.com Direct Action Primer/Black Bloc]
{{rintisan}}
[[Kategori:Anarkisme]]
| 