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{{Israel infobox}}
'''Israel''' ({{IPA-id|ɪsra.ɛl}}; {{lang-he|מדינת ישראל|translit=Medinat Yisrā‘el}}; {{lang-ar|الدولة إسرائيل|translit=al-Dawlat Isrā'īl}}) adalah sebuah negara di [[Asia Barat]] yang dikelilingi oleh [[Laut Tengah]], [[Lebanon]], [[Suriah]], [[Negara Palestina|Palestina]], [[Yordania]], [[Mesir]]. Selain itu, dikelilingi pula dua daerah [[Otoritas Nasional Palestina]]: [[Jalur Gaza]] dan [[Tepi Barat]]. Dengan populasi sebesar 7,5 juta jiwa, Israel merupakan satu-satunya negara [[bangsa Yahudi|Yahudi]] di dunia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2007&country=7199 |work=Country Report |title=Israel |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-07-15 |archive-date=2007-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715095256/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2007&country=7199 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Selain itu, terdapat pula beberapa kelompok [[etnis]] minoritas lainnya, meliputi etnis Arab yang berkewarganegaraan Israel, beserta kelompok-kelompok keagamaan lainnya seperti [[Islam]], [[Kristen]], [[Druze]], [[Orang Samaria|Samaria]] dan lain-lain. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Berita Israel Terkini dan Terbaru Hari Ini - SINDOnews|url=https://www.sindonews.com/topic/365/israel|website=SINDOnews.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref>
 
Pendirian negara modern Israel berakar dari konsep [[Tanah Israel]] (''Eretz Yisrael''), sebuah konsep pusat [[Yudaisme]] sejak zaman kuno,<ref name=britannnicajudaism>{{Cite encyclopedia
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[[Berkas:Herzl-balcony.jpg|kiri|jmpl|lurus|[[Theodor Herzl]], penggagas Negara Yahudi, pada tahun 1901.]]
 
Imigrasi dalam skala besar, dikenal sebagai [[Aliyah (Israel)|Aliyah Pertama]] (Bahasa Ibrani: עלייה), dimulai pada tahun 1881, yakni pada saat orang-orang Yahudi melarikan diri dari [[pogrom]] di [[Eropa Timur]].<ref name="aliyot">{{cite web|title=Immigration|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/immigtoc.html|work=Jewish Virtual Library|publisher=The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise|accessdate=2007-07-12|archive-date=2011-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804221509/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/immigtoc.html|archive-date=2011-08-04|dead-url=no|accessdate=2007-07-12}} The source provides information on the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Aliyot in their respective articles. The White Paper leading to Aliyah Bet is discussed [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/Aliyah_during_war.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514235920/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/Aliyah_during_war.html |date=2008-05-14 }}.</ref> Manakala gerakan Zionisme telah ada sejak dahulu kala, [[Theodor Herzl]] merupakan orang Yahudi pertama yang mendirikan gerakan politik [[Zionisme]],<ref>{{harvnb|Kornberg|1993}} "How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?"</ref> yakni gerakan yang bertujuan mendirikan negara Yahudi di [[Tanah Israel]].<ref>{{harvnb|Herzl|1946|p=11}}</ref> Pada tahun 1896, Herzl menerbitkan buku ''[[Der Judenstaat]]'' (''Negara Yahudi''), memaparkan visinya tentang negara masa depan Yahudi; Tahun berikutnya ia kemudian mengetuai [[Kongres Zionis Sedunia]] pertama.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/120/Chapter+One+The+Heralders+of+Zionism.htm |publisher=Jewish Agency for Israel |title=Chapter One: The Heralders of Zionism |accessdate=2007-07-12 |archive-date=2009-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427070421/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/120/Chapter+One+The+Heralders+of+Zionism.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
[[Aliyah (Israel)#Aliyah Kedua .281904-1914.29|Aliyah Kedua]] (1904–1914) dimulai setelah terjadinya [[pogrom Kishinev]]. Sekitar 40.000 orang Yahudi kemudian berpindah ke Palestina.<ref name="aliyot" /> Baik gelombang pertama dan kedua migrasi tersebut utamanya adalah [[Yudaisme Ortodoks|Yahudi Ortodoks]],<ref>{{harvnb|Stein|2003|p=88}}. "As with the First Aliyah, most Second Aliyah migrants were non-Zionist orthodox Jews..."</ref> namun pada Aliyah Kedua ini juga meliputi pelopor-pelopor gerakan ''[[kibbutz]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Romano|2003|p=30}}</ref> Selama [[Perang Dunia I]], Menteri Luar Negeri Britania [[Arthur Balfour]] mengeluarkan pernyataan yang dikenal sebagai [[Deklarasi Balfour 1917|Deklarasi Balfour]], yaitu deklarasi yang mendukung pendirian negara Yahudi di tanah Palestina. Atas permintaan [[Edwin Samuel Montagu]] dan [[Lord Curzon]], disisipkan pula pernyataan "''it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country''".<ref name=macintyre>{{Cite news
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Israel memiliki program [[wajib belajar]] bagi anak-anak berumur antara tiga sampai dengan delapan belas tahun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/883341.html|work=Haaretz|accessdate=2007-08-05|date=2007-07-19|title=Knesset raises school dropout age to 18|last=Kashti|first=Or|coauthors=Shahar Ilan|archive-date=2007-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001043810/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/883341.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/1/Summary+of+the+principal+laws+relating+to+educatio.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Summary of the Principal Laws Related to Education |date=2003-01-26 |accessdate=2007-08-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050327232901/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/1/Summary+of+the+principal+laws+relating+to+educatio.htm |archivedate=2005-03-27 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Tahapan-tahapan sekolah dibagi menjadi tiga tahap: [[sekolah dasar]] (tingkat 1-6), [[sekolah menengah pertama]] (tingkat 7-9), dan [[sekolah menengah atas]] (tingkat 10-12). Tahapan sekolah berakhir dengan ujian akhir yang disebut ''[[Bagrut]]''. Kemahiran di mata-mata pelajaran utama seperti [[matematika]], [[Alkitab Ibrani]], [[Bahasa Ibrani]], literatur Ibrani dan umum, [[Bahasa Inggris]], sejarah, dan pendidikan kewarganegaraan diperlukan untuk mendapatkan sertifikat Bagrut.<ref name="moia">{{cite web |url=http://www.moia.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/9FBC4448-CB15-4309-BA82-96DC681E7A11/0/education_en.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Immigrant Absorption |format=PDF |title=Education |accessdate=2007-08-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807233554/http://www.moia.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/9FBC4448-CB15-4309-BA82-96DC681E7A11/0/education_en.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-07 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Dalam sekolah-sekolah Arab, Kristen, dan [[Druze]], ujian kajian Alkitab Ibrani digantikan dengan ujian dalam mata pelajaran [[Islam]], [[Kristen]], ataupun [[Druze]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas/bagrut.html |publisher=United States-Israel Educational Foundation via the University of Szeged University Library |title=The Israeli Matriculation Certificate |accessdate=2007-08-05 |month=January |year=1996 |archive-date=2017-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915073741/http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas/bagrut.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pada tahun 2003, lebih dari separuh murid tingkat 12 Israel mendapatkan sertifikat ini.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st08_21.pdf|format=PDF|title=Pupils in Grade XII, matriculation examinees and entitled to a certificate|accessdate=2007-07-02|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics|archive-date=2007-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702192314/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st08_21.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
[[Berkas:Solar dish at Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center in Israel.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Parabola surya terbesar di dunia di Pusat Energi Solar Nasional Ben-Gurion.<ref name="Register">[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/25/faiman_negev_solar_plan/ Giant solar plants in Negev could power Israel's future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117111537/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/25/faiman_negev_solar_plan/ |date=2013-01-17 }}, John Lettice, ''[[The Register]]'', 2008-01-25</ref>]]
Delapan universitas negeri Israel disubsidi oleh negara.<ref name="moia" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelemb.org/highered/highed.html |title=Higher Education in Israel |accessdate=2007-09-10 |publisher=Embassy of Israel in Washington, DC |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621050930/http://embassies.gov.il/error.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> Perpustakaan Universitas dan Nasional Yahudi yang menyimpan buku-buku bertopik Yahudi terbesar di dunia berada di [[Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=About the Library |accessdate=2007-08-05 |archive-date=2007-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421084915/http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem menduduki peringkat 100 besar universitas ternama di dunia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006_Top100.htm |title=Top 500 World Universities (1-100) |publisher=Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University |accessdate=2007-07-02 |year=2006 |archive-date=2007-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023181108/http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006_Top100.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2009.jsp |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2009 |publisher=Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University |accessdate=2009-11-14 |year=2009 |archive-date=2013-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323035909/http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2009.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref> berdasarkan pemeringkatan Universitas Jiao Tong Shanghai. Universitas utama lainnya di Israel meliputi [[Technion]], [[Institut Sains Weizmann]], [[Universitas Tel Aviv]], [[Universitas Bar-Ilan]], [[Universitas Haifa]], dan [[Universitas Ben-Gurion Negev]]. Israel berada pada peringkat ketiga di dunia dalam hal jumlah sarjana akademik per kapita (20% populasi).<ref name="consulate">{{cite web |url=http://www.israelfm.org/economic/investing/top_ten.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716015552/http://www.israelfm.org/economic/investing/top_ten.htm |archivedate=2007-07-16 |title=Top Ten Reasons to Invest in Israel |publisher=Israeli Consulate, New York City |accessdate=2007-08-01 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.american.edu/initeb/as5415a/Israel_ICT/itWork.html |publisher=American University |title=Israel: IT Workforce |accessdate=2007-08-14 |work=Information Technology Landscape in Nations Around the World |archive-date=2006-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913013444/http://www.american.edu/initeb/as5415a/Israel_ICT/itWork.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Israel merupakan negara yang terdepan dalam hal jumlah artikel ilmiah riset sel punca per kapita sejak tahun 2000<ref name="scell">{{cite web |http://www.the-scientist.com/news/print/23240/|work=The Scientist|date=2009-03-21 |accessdate=2009-11-14|title=Stem cell density highest in Israel}}</ref>
 
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Banyak penduduk Israel yang dapat berkomunikasi dengan baik dalam bahasa Inggris. Oleh karena banyaknya jumlah imigran Yahudi yang berimigrasi ke Israel, terdapat pula bahasa-bahasa lain yang dapat terdengar di jalanan-jalanan Israel sehari-hari. [[Bahasa Rusia]] dan [[bahasa Amhar]] dituturkan secara meluas<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-16-1816635503_x.htm Israel's Welcome for Ethiopian Jews Wears Thin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202195913/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-16-1816635503_x.htm |date=2011-02-02 }}. ''USA Today'' 2008-08-16.</ref> oleh karena banyaknya imigran yang berasal dari [[Uni Soviet]] dan [[Etiopia]] (sekitar 120.000 [[Yahudi Etiopia]] tinggal di Israel)<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLG256423 Israel may admit 3,000 Ethiopia migrants if Jews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830040601/http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLG256423 |date=2009-08-30 }}. Reuters. 2009-07-16.</ref> Antara tahun 1990 sampai dengan tahun 1994, imigrasi besar-besaran yang berasal dari Rusia meningkatkan populasi Israel sebesar dua belas persen.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/003355301753265606?journalCode=qjec |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |month=November |year=2001 |title=The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market |last=Friedberg |first=Rachel M. |page=1373 |doi=10.1162/003355301753265606 |volume=116 |access-date=2010-02-26 |archive-date=2012-08-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804122058/http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/003355301753265606?journalCode=qjec |dead-url=no }}</ref> Terdapat lebih dari satu juta imigran berbahasa Rusia di Israel,<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/952558.html Study: Soviet immigrants outperform Israeli students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006051901/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/952558.html |date=2008-10-06 }}. ''Haaretz''. 10/02/2008.</ref> dengan sekitar 300.000-nya bukanlah orang Yahudi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030808012842/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/QA.jhtml?qaNo=59 Q&A Lily Galili on 'The Russians in Israel']. ''Haaretz''</ref>
 
Beberapa dasarwasa ini pula, sejumlah besar pekerja migran dari [[Rumania]], [[Thailand]], China, Afrika, dan Amerika Selatan juga telah menetap di Israel. Jumlah pasti para pekerja migran ini tidaklah diketahui karena banyak yang menetap secara ilegal,<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRIN,,,4a5d996f1e,0.html Israel: Crackdown on illegal migrants and visa violators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429010209/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRIN,,,4a5d996f1e,0.html |date=2011-04-29 }}. Integrated Regional Information Networks ([[IRIN]]). 2009-07-14.</ref> namun diperkirakan jumlahnya adalah sekitar 200.000<ref>Adriana Kemp, "Labour migration and racialisation: labour market mechanisms and labour migration control policies in Israel", ''Social Identities'' 10:2, 267–292, 2004</ref> Lebih dari 16.000 pencari suaka Afrika masuk ke Israel beberapa tahun ini.<ref>[http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=8308386 Israel Struggles With African Refugee Dilemma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622021154/http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=8308386 |date=2011-06-22 }}. ABC News. 2009-08-12</ref>
 
Pada tahun 2009, lebih dari 300.000 warga Israel tinggal di permukiman-permukiman [[Tepi Barat]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/west_bank_settlements.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224233451/http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/west_bank_settlements.html |archivedate=2008-02-24 |title=Settlements in the West Bank |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information |dead-url=yes }}</ref> seperti [[Ma'ale Adumim]] dan [[Ariel (kota)|Ariel]], dan di komunitas-komunitas yang telah ada sebelum berdirinya Negara Israel seperti di kota [[Hebron]] dan [[Gush Etzion]]. Delapan belas ribu penduduk Israel tinggal di [[Dataran Tinggi Golan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/settlement-info-and-tables/stats-data/settlements-in-the-golan-heights |title=Settlements in the Golan Heights |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information |archive-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826031946/http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/settlement-info-and-tables/stats-data/settlements-in-the-golan-heights |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pada tahun 2006, terdapat 250.000 Yahudi yang tinggal di [[Yerusalem Timur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/east_jerusalem_settlements.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420070744/http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/east_jerusalem_settlements.html |archivedate=2008-04-20 |title=Settlements in East Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Jumlah total pemukim Israel adalah lebih dari 500.000 (6,5% populasi Israel). Sekitar 7.800 penduduk Israel tinggal di permukiman di [[Jalur Gaza]] sebelum semuanya dievakuasi dengan paksa oleh pemerintah Israel pada tahun 2005 sebagai bagian dari rencana penarikan unilateral Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/settlement-info-and-tables/stats-data/settlements-in-the-gaza-strip-1 |title=Settlements in the Gaza Strip |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information |archive-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826025402/http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/settlement-info-and-tables/stats-data/settlements-in-the-gaza-strip-1 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>