Genetika tumbuhan: Perbedaan antara revisi

Ada [[konsensus ilmiah]] <ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.agrobio.org/bfiles/fckimg/Nicolia%202013.pdf |title=An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research |first1=Alessandro |last1=Nicolia |first2=Alberto |last2=Manzo |first3=Fabio |last3=Veronesi |first4=Daniele |last4=Rosellini |journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology |date=2013 |pages=77–88 |doi=10.3109/07388551.2013.823595 |pmid=24041244 |volume=34 |issue=1 |s2cid=9836802 |access-date=2017-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917102103/http://www.agrobio.org/bfiles/fckimg/Nicolia%202013.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5160E/y5160e10.htm#P3_1651The |title=State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=February 8, 2016 |archive-date=2019-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109114119/http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5160E/y5160e10.htm#P3_1651The |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Ronald 11–20">{{Cite journal|url=http://genetics.org/content/188/1/11.long|title=Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security|first=Pamela|last=Ronald|journal=Genetics|date=May 5, 2011|volume=188|issue=1|pages=11–20|doi=10.1534/genetics.111.128553|pmid=21546547|pmc=3120150|access-date=2022-02-03|archive-date=2016-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702010323/http://www.genetics.org/content/188/1/11.long|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>But see also:<p>{{Cite journal|url=http://gaiapresse.ca/images/nouvelles/28563.pdf|title=A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants|first1=José L.|last1=Domingo|first2=Jordi Giné|last2=Bordonaba|journal=Environment International|date=2011|volume=37|issue=4|pages=734–742|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003|pmid=21296423|access-date=2022-02-03|archive-date=2016-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222023845/http://gaiapresse.ca/images/nouvelles/28563.pdf|dead-url=no}}</p><p>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.tufts.edu/~skrimsky/PDF/Illusory%20Consensus%20GMOs.PDF|title=An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment|first=Sheldon|last=Krimsky|journal=Science, Technology, & Human Values|pages=883–914|doi=10.1177/0162243915598381|date=2015|volume=40|issue=6|s2cid=40855100|access-date=2017-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207171524/http://www.tufts.edu/~skrimsky/PDF/Illusory%20Consensus%20GMOs.PDF|archive-date=2016-02-07|url-status=dead}}</p><p>And contrast:</p><p>{{Cite journal |title=Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons|first1=Alexander Y.|last1=Panchin|first2=Alexander I.|last2=Tuzhikov|journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology|volume = 37|issue=2|date=January 14, 2016 |doi=10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684|pmid=26767435|pages=213–217|s2cid=11786594}}</p><p>and</p><p>{{Cite journal |title=Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health |first1=Y.T.|last1=Yang |first2=B.|last2=Chen|journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=1851–1855|date=2016|doi=10.1002/jsfa.7523|pmid=26536836}}</p></ref> bahwa makanan yang tersedia saat ini yang berasal dari tanaman rekayasa genetika tidak menimbulkan risiko lebih besar bagi kesehatan manusia daripada makanan konvensional,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/AAAS_GM_statement.pdf|title=Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|date=October 20, 2012|access-date=February 8, 2016|archive-date=2022-10-09|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/AAAS_GM_statement.pdf|dead-url=no}}<p>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-board-directors-legally-mandating-gm-food-labels-could-%E2%80%9Cmislead-and-falsely-alarm|title=AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers"|first=Ginger|last=Pinholster|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|date=October 25, 2012|access-date=February 8, 2016|archive-date=2022-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102043021/https://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-board-directors-legally-mandating-gm-food-labels-could-%E2%80%9Cmislead-and-falsely-alarm|dead-url=no}}</p></ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/a_decade_of_eu-funded_gmo_research.pdf|title=A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010)|publisher=Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union.|doi=10.2777/97784|isbn=978-92-79-16344-9|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=2010|archive-date=2010-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224152216/http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/a_decade_of_eu-funded_gmo_research.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isaaa.org/kc/Publications/htm/articles/Position/ama.htm |title=AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (online summary) |publisher=American Medical Association |date=January 2001 |access-date=March 19, 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907023039/http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/a12-csaph2-bioengineeredfoods.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Library of Congress">{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/usa.php#Opinion|title=Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion|publisher=Library of Congress|date=June 9, 2015|access-date=February 8, 2016|archive-date=2022-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330130322/https://www.loc.gov/collections/publications-of-the-law-library-of-congress/about-this-collection/usa.php#Opinion|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="nap.edu">{{Cite book|url=http://www.nap.edu/read/23395/chapter/7#149|title=Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects|publisher=The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US)|page=149|date=2016|access-date=May 19, 2016|doi=10.17226/23395|pmid=28230933|isbn=978-0-309-43738-7|last1=National Academies Of Sciences|first1=Engineering|author2=Division on Earth Life Studies|author3=Board on Agriculture Natural Resources|author4=Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825054601/https://www.nap.edu/read/23395/chapter/7#149|dead-url=no}}</ref> tetapi setiap makanan rekayasa genetika perlu diuji kasus per kasus sebelum diperkenalkan.<ref name="World Health Organization">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-genetically-modified-food/en/|title=Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=February 8, 2016|archive-date=2019-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031053032/https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-genetically-modified-food/en/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Haslberger 2003 739–741">{{Cite journal |title=Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-biotechnology_2003-07_21_7/page/739 |first=Alexander G.|last=Haslberger |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=739–741|date=2003 |doi=10.1038/nbt0703-739 |pmid=12833088|s2cid=2533628}}</ref> Meskipun demikian, anggota masyarakat jauh lebih kecil kemungkinannya dibandingkan para ilmuwan untuk menganggap makanan yang dimodifikasi secara genetik sebagai makanan yang aman.<ref name="Pew Research Center">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/|title=Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society|first1=Cary|last1=Funk|first2=Lee|last2=Rainie|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=January 29, 2015|access-date=February 24, 2016|archive-date=2019-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109232405/http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Marris 2001 545–548">{{Cite journal |title=Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths |first=Claire|last=Marris|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=2|issue=7 |pages=545–548|date=2001|doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve142 |pmid=11463731|pmc=1083956}}</ref><ref name="Final Report of the PABE research project">{{Cite web|url=http://csec.lancs.ac.uk/archive/pabe/docs/pabe_finalreport.doc|title=Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe|date=December 2001|author=Final Report of the PABE research project|publisher=Commission of European Communities|access-date=February 24, 2016|archive-date=2016-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819090856/http://csec.lancs.ac.uk/archive/pabe/docs/pabe_finalreport.doc|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://yoelinbar.net/papers/gmo_absolute.pdf|title=Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States|first1=Sydney E.|last1=Scott|first2=Yoel|last2=Inbar|first3=Paul|last3=Rozin|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|date=2016|volume=11|issue=3|pages=315–324|doi=10.1177/1745691615621275|pmid=27217243|s2cid=261060|access-date=2022-02-03|archive-date=2016-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606123440/http://yoelinbar.net/papers/gmo_absolute.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Status hukum dan peraturan makanan yang dimodifikasi secara genetik bervariasi di setiap negara, dengan beberapa negara melarang atau membatasinya, dan yang lain mengizinkannya dengan tingkat regulasi yang sangat berbeda.<ref name="loc.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/|title=Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms|publisher=Library of Congress|date=June 9, 2015|access-date=February 24, 2016|archive-date=2022-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425164830/https://www.loc.gov/collections/publications-of-the-law-library-of-congress/about-this-collection/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Bashshur">{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanbar.org/content/newsletter/publications/aba_health_esource_home/aba_health_law_esource_1302_bashshur.html|title=FDA and Regulation of GMOs|first=Ramona|last=Bashshur|publisher=American Bar Association|date=February 2013|access-date=February 24, 2016|archive-date=2018-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621044554/https://www.americanbar.org/content/newsletter/publications/aba_health_esource_home/aba_health_law_esource_1302_bashshur.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Sifferlin">{{Cite journal|url=http://time.com/4060476/eu-gmo-crops-european-union-opt-out/|title=Over Half of E.U. Countries Are Opting Out of GMOs|first=Alexandra|last=Sifferlin|journal=Time|date=October 3, 2015|access-date=2022-02-03|archive-date=2019-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112082218/https://time.com/4060476/eu-gmo-crops-european-union-opt-out/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Council on Foreign Relations">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/agricultural-policy/regulation-gmos-europe-united-states-case-study-contemporary-european-regulatory-politics/p8688|title=The Regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A Case-Study of Contemporary European Regulatory Politics|first1=Diahanna|last1=Lynch|first2=David|last2=Vogel|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|date=April 5, 2001|access-date=February 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929200540/http://www.cfr.org/agricultural-policy/regulation-gmos-europe-united-states-case-study-contemporary-european-regulatory-politics/p8688|archive-date=September 29, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Masih ada [[Kontroversi makanan yang dimodifikasi secara genetik|kekhawatiran masyarakat]] terkait keamanan pangan, regulasi, pelabelan, dampak lingkungan, metode penelitian, dan fakta bahwa beberapa benih rekayasa genetika tunduk pada hak [[kekayaan intelektual]] yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan.<ref name="crs-agbitotech">{{cite web | url=http://www.justlabelit.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/CRS%20Agricultural_Biotechnology2011.pdf | title=Agricultural Biotechnology: Background and Recent Issues | publisher=Congressional Research Service (Library of Congress) | date=18 Jun 2011 | access-date=27 September 2015 | author=Cowan, Tadlock | pages=33–38 | archive-date=2014-07-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021912/http://justlabelit.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/CRS%20Agricultural_Biotechnology2011.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref>