Anura: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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Baris 96:
Akan tetapi yang lebih mengancam kehidupan kodok sebenarnya adalah kegiatan manusia yang banyak merusak habitat alami kodok, seperti hutan-hutan, sungai dan rawa-rawa. Apalagi kini penggunaan [[pestisida]] yang meluas di sawah-sawah juga merusak telur-telur dan berudu katak, serta mengakibatkan cacat pada generasi kodok yang berikutnya.
== Klasifikasi ==
[[Kladogram]] dibawah menunjukkan kekerabatan berbagai famili dalam [[klad]] Anura. Diagram dalam bentuk [[pohon filogenetika]] ini menunjukkan bagaimana setiap keluarga anura berhubungan dengan keluarga lainnya, dengan setiap simpul mewakili titik leluhur yang sama. Hal ini didasarkan pada Frost dkk. (2006),<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Frost | first1 = D. R. | last2 = Grant | first2 = T. | last3 = Faivovich | first3 = J. N. | last4 = Bain | first4 = R. H. | last5 = Haas | first5 = A. | last6 = Haddad | first6 = C. L. F. B. | last7 = De Sá | first7 = R. O. | last8 = Channing | first8 = A. | last9 = Wilkinson | first9 = M. | last10 = Donnellan | first10 = S. C. | last11 = Raxworthy | first11 = C. J. | last12 = Campbell | first12 = J. A. | last13 = Blotto | first13 = B. L. | last14 = Moler | first14 = P. | last15 = Drewes | first15 = R. C. | last16 = Nussbaum | first16 = R. A. | last17 = Lynch | first17 = J. D. | last18 = Green | first18 = D. M. | last19 = Wheeler | first19 = W. C. | title = The Amphibian Tree of Life | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 297 | pages = 1–291| year = 2006 | doi = 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2 | hdl = 2246/5781| s2cid = 86140137 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Heinicke dkk. (2009)<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Heinicke M. P. |author2=Duellman, W. E. |author3=Trueb, L. |author4=Means, D. B. |author5=MacCulloch, R. D. |author6=Hedges, S. B. | year = 2009 | title = A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny | url = http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02211p035f.pdf | journal= Zootaxa | volume = 2211 | pages = 1–35 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2211.1.1 }}</ref> serta Pyron dan Wiens (2011).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=R. Alexander Pyron |author2=John J. Wiens | year = 2011 | title= A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 543–583 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012| pmid = 21723399 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:100%
|label1='''Anura'''
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1=[[Leiopelmatidae]]
|2=[[Ascaphidae]]
}}
|label2=[[Bombianura]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Costata]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Bombinatoridae]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=[[Alytidae]]
|2=[[Discoglossidae]]
}}
}}
|label2=[[Pipanura]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Xenoanura]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Pipidae]]
|2=[[Rhinophrynidae]]
}}
|label2=[[Acosmanura]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Anomocoela]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Scaphiopodidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Pelodytidae]]
|label2=[[Pelobatoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Pelobatidae]]
|2=[[Megophryidae]]
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Neobatrachia]]
|2=NEOBATRACHIA
}}
}}
}}
}}
<!----- The main frog cladogram has three subtrees: NEOBATRACHIA, HYLOIDEA, RANO------------------->
|targetA=NEOBATRACHIA
|subcladeA={{clade
|1=[[Heleophrynidae]]
|label2=[[Phthanobatrachia]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade <!--dummy clade for reduced horizontal spacing-->
|label1=[[Sooglossoidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Sooglossidae]]
|2=[[Nasikabatrachidae]]
}}
}}
|label2=
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Notogaeanura]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Australobatrachia]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Calyptocephalellidae]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=[[Myobatrachidae]]
|2=[[Limnodynastidae]]
}}
}}
|label2=[[Nobleoanura]]
|2=HYLOIDEA
}}
|label2=[[Ranoidea]]
|2=RANOIDEA
}}
}}
}} <!-- end NEOBATRACHIA subtree-->
|targetB=HYLOIDEA
|subcladeB={{clade
|1={{clade <!--dummy clade for reduced horizontal spacing-->
|label1=[[Brachycephaloidea]]
|sublabel1=([[Terrarana]])
|1={{clade
|1=[[Ceuthomantidae]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=[[Brachycephalidae]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=[[Eleutherodactylidae]]
|2=[[Craugastoridae]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Hemiphractidae]]
|label2=[[Athesphatanura]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Hylidae]]
|label2=[[Leptodactyliformes]]
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1={{clade <!--dummy clade for reduced horizontal spacing-->
|label1=[[Agastorophrynia]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Bufonidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Aromobatidae]]
|2=[[Dendrobatidae]]
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade <!--dummy clade for reduced horizontal spacing-->
|label1=[[Diphyabatracea]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Leptodactylidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Allophrynidae]]
|2=[[Centrolenidae]]
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ceratophryidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Odontophrynidae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Cycloramphidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Alsodidae]]
|2=[[Hylodidae]]
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Telmatobiidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Batrachylidae]]
|2=[[Rhinodermatidae]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}} <!-- end HYLOIDEA subtree-->
|targetC=RANOIDEA
|subcladeC={{clade
|label1=[[Allodapanura]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Microhylidae]]
|label2=Afrobatrachia
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Xenosyneunitanura]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Brevicipitidae]]
|2=[[Hemisotidae]]
}}
|label2=[[Laurentobatrachia]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Hyperoliidae]]
|2=[[Arthroleptidae]]
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Natatanura]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ptychadenidae]]
|label2=[[Victoranura]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Micrixalidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Phrynobatrachidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Conrauidae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade <!--dummy clade for reduced horizontal spacing-->
|label1=[[Pyxicephaloidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Petropedetidae]]
|2=[[Pyxicephalidae]]
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Nyctibatrachidae]]
|2=[[Ceratobatrachidae]]
}}
|label2=[[Saukrobatrachia]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Ranixalidae]]
|2=[[Dicroglossidae]]
}}
|label2=[[Aglaioanura]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Rhacophoridae]]
|2=[[Mantellidae]]
}}
|2=[[Ranidae]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}} <!-- end RANOIDEA subtree-->
}}
== Jenis-jenis kodok dan katak ==
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