Dosa leluhur: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 9:
Doktrin kesalahan leluhur juga disajikan sebagai tradisi kuno dalam agama Yunani kuno oleh [[Celsus]] dalam karyanya ''[[Ajaran Yang Benar]]'', sebuah polemik melawan agama Kristen. Celsus dikutip mengaitkan dengan "seorang pendeta Apollo atau Zeus" yang mengatakan bahwa "[[pabrik para dewa]] menggiling perlahan, bahkan pada anak-anak, dan pada mereka yang lahir setelah mereka".{{sfn|Gagné|2013|p=60|ps=: "{{lang|grc|Ὀψὲ, φησι, θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι, και Ἐς παίδων παῖδας τοί κεν μετόπισθη γένωνται.}}"}} Gagasan mengenai [[keadilan ilahi]] dalam bentuk [[hukuman kolektif]] juga terdapat di mana-mana dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]], misalnya [[Sepuluh Tulah Mesir]], penghancuran [[Sikhem]], dll; dan yang paling penting adalah hukuman berulang yang dijatuhkan kepada bangsa Israel karena menyimpang dari [[Yahweh|Yahwisme]].{{sfn|Krašovec|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books/?id=zOd5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false 113]|ps=. Explicitly in Isaiah 14:21, Exodus 20:5, Exodus 34:6–7, Jeremiah 32:18. Krašovec, Jože, ''Reward, punishment, and forgiveness: the thinking and beliefs of ancient Israel in the light of Greek and modern views''}}
== Konsep ==
=== Kekristenan ===
[[Alkitab]] [[King James Version|James]] pada {{Bibleverse|Keluaran|20|5|KJV}} berbicara tentang dosa generasi, yang menyatakan bahwa "kesalahan ayah ditimpakan kepada putra dan putri – hingga generasi ketiga dan keempat."<ref name="Johnson2006">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Selena |title=The Sin of Racism: How to be Set Free |date=2006 |publisher=[[Hamilton Books]] |isbn=978-0-7618-3509-7 |page=104 |language=English}}</ref> Konsep ini mengimplikasikan bahwa "permasalahan yang belum terselesaikan akan diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi", namun "Yesus adalah pemecah perbudakan... [dan] Dia mampu memutus siklus kutukan ini, tetapi hanya jika kita menginginkan Dia."
Doktrin [[dosa asal]] yang diformalkan [[Kekristenan awal|Kristen]] merupakan perluasan langsung dari konsep dosa leluhur (yang dibayangkan terjadi pada sejumlah generasi berikutnya), dengan alasan bahwa dosa [[Adam dan Hawa]] ditimpakan kepada seluruh keturunannya tanpa batas waktu, yaitu kepada seluruh umat manusia. Doktrin ini pertama kali dikembangkan pada abad ke-2 oleh [[Irenaeus]], [[Uskup Lyons]], dalam perjuangannya melawan [[Gnostisisme]].{{sfn|ODCC|2005|p=Original sin}}{{full short|date=December 2019}} Irenaeus membandingkan doktrin mereka dengan pandangan bahwa Kejatuhan adalah sebuah langkah ke arah yang salah oleh Adam, yang menurut keyakinan Irenaeus, keturunannya mempunyai solidaritas atau identitas.<ref>J. N. D. Kelly ''Early Christian Doctrines'' (San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1978) p. 171, referred to in Daniel L. Akin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=elzlVK5c3dQC&q=JND+Kelly&pg=PA432 A Theology for the Church]'', p. 433</ref>
==== Ortodoks Timur ====
Dosa leluhur adalah objek doktrin Kristen yang diajarkan oleh [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur|Gereja Ortodoks]] serta umat Kristen Timur lainnya. Beberapa orang mengidentifikasinya sebagai "kecenderungan terhadap dosa, warisan dari dosa nenek moyang kita".<ref>[http://www.trueorthodoxy.info/spir_on_law_God_02.shtml The Nature of Sin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908005101/http://www.trueorthodoxy.info/spir_on_law_God_02.shtml |date=2008-09-08 }}; same text also at [http://www.orthodoxphotos.com/readings/law/sin.shtml The Nature of Sin]</ref> Namun sebagian besar membedakannya dari kecenderungan yang tetap ada bahkan pada orang yang dibaptis, karena dosa leluhur "dihapuskan melalui [[baptisan]]".<ref>[http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/exo_thoughts.aspx St Nikodemos the Hagiorite: Exomologetarion]; cf. "Το βάπτισμα ... αποβάλλει την παλαιά φύση της αμαρτίας (το προπατορικό αμάρτημα)" ([http://www.apostoliki-diakonia.gr/GR_MAIN/catehism/theologia_zoi/themata.asp?contents=selides_katixisis/contents_TaIeraMistiria.asp&main=kat010&file=4.4.1.htm Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου: Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά (εκδ. Αποστολικής Διακονίας, 1997), p. 156-161]).</ref>
Santo [[Gregory Palamas]] mengajarkan bahwa, sebagai akibat dari dosa leluhur (disebut "[[dosa asal]]" di Barat), citra manusia ternoda, rusak, sebagai akibat dari ketidaktaatan Adam.<ref>[http://www.constantine-helen.org/Nature%20of%20God.htm A Discussion of the Orthodox Perception of the Nature of God] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106015237/http://www.constantine-helen.org/Nature%20of%20God.htm |date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref> Teolog Yunani [[John Karmiris]] menulis bahwa "dosa manusia pertama, beserta segala konsekuensi dan hukumannya, ditransfer melalui keturunan alami ke seluruh umat manusia. Karena setiap manusia adalah keturunan manusia pertama, 'tidak seorang pun di antara kita yang bebas dari noda dosa, bahkan jika ia berhasil menjalani hari yang sepenuhnya tanpa dosa'. ... Dosa Asal bukan hanya merupakan 'kecelakaan' jiwa; namun akibat-akibatnya, beserta hukumannya, diwariskan secara alami kepada generasi-generasi mendatang ... Dan dengan demikian, dari satu peristiwa historis mengenai dosa pertama manusia sulung, muncullah situasi dosa saat ini, beserta segala konsekuensinya, kepada semua keturunan alami Adam."<ref>[http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/dogmatics/golubov_rags_of_mortality.htm Archpriest Alexander Golubov: Rags of Mortality: Original Sin and Human Nature]</ref>
==== Katolik Roma ====
Sehubungan dengan mematahkan kutukan generasi, para pendeta [[Pembaruan Karismatik Katolik]] telah mengembangkan doa untuk penyembuhan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prayer for Healing the Family Tree |url=https://scrc.org/convention/2013/downloads/2013_HealingFamilyInstructions.pdf |publisher=[[Catholic Charismatic Renewal|Southern California Renewal Communities]] |access-date=29 April 2021 |language=English |date=2013}}</ref>
''[[Katekismus Gereja Katolik]]'', terjemahan bahasa Yunaninya menggunakan "{{Lang|grc|προπατορική αμαρτία}}" (secara harafiah, 'dosa leluhur') yang teks [[Latin]]nya berarti "{{Lang|la|peccatum originale}}", menyatakan: "Dosa asal disebut 'dosa' hanya dalam pengertian analogis: dosa itu adalah dosa yang 'dilakukan' dan bukan 'dilakukan' – suatu keadaan dan bukan suatu tindakan. Meskipun wajar bagi masing-masing individu, dosa asal tidak bersifat kesalahan pribadi pada keturunan Adam mana pun."<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM Catechism of the Catholic Church, 404–405]</ref> Ajaran Ortodoks Timur juga mengatakan: “Dapat dikatakan bahwa meskipun kita tidak mewarisi kesalahan dosa pribadi Adam, karena dosanya juga bersifat umum, dan karena seluruh umat manusia mempunyai kesatuan yang esensial dan ontologis, maka kita berpartisipasi di dalamnya berdasarkan partisipasi kita dalam umat manusia. 'Pemberian Dosa Asal melalui keturunan kodrati harus dipahami dalam kerangka kesatuan kodrat manusia seutuhnya, dan kesatuan kodrat manusia sebagai {{Lang|grc-latn|homoousiotitos}}{{efn|Bentuk kata yang benar adalah ''homoousiotes''; teks yang dikutip secara keliru menggunakan bentuk [[Genitive|genitive]] dari ''homoousiotetos'', dan secara membingungkan menggunakan 'i' dan bukan 'e' pada suku kata kedua dari belakang setelah campuran [[Romanisasi Yunani|skema transliterasi Yunani]] dengan elemen modern dan klasik.}} dari semua manusia, yang, secara kodratnya terhubung, merupakan satu kesatuan mistik. Karena sifat manusia memang unik dan tidak dapat dipatahkan, maka dosa yang diturunkan dari anak sulung kepada seluruh umat manusia keturunannya dapat dijelaskan: "Secara eksplisit, dari akarnya, penyakit itu menyebar ke seluruh pohon, Adam adalah akar yang menderita kerusakan." Ini merupakan ajaran Santo [[Cyril dari Alexandria]].{{'"}}<ref>[http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/dogmatics/golubov_rags_of_mortality.htm Archpriest Alexander Golubov: Rags of Mortality: Original Sin and Human Nature] quoting John Karmiris, A Synopsis of the Dogmatic Theology of the Orthodox Catholic Church, trans. from the Greek by the Reverend George Dimopoulos (Scranton, Pa.: Christian Orthodox Edition, 1973), p. 36</ref>
===Agama Yahudi===
[[Alkitab Ibrani]] menyediakan dua bagian kitab suci mengenai kutukan generasi:<ref name="sacks">{{cite web |last1=Sacks |first1=Jonathan |authorlink1=Jonathan Sacks |title=To the Third and Fourth Generations (Ki Teitse 5775) |url=http://rabbisacks.org/to-the-third-and-fourth-generations-ki-tetzei-5775/ |website=Rabbi Sacks |accessdate=25 April 2020 |date=24 August 2015}}</ref>
{{quote|Anak-anak menderita karena dosa orang-tuanya dalam arti bahwa mereka pada umumnya mengikuti orang-tua mereka pada jalan pencobaan atau kompromi rohani, dan dengan demikian mengambil alih kebiasaan dan sikap yang jahat sehingga menuntun mereka makin jauh dari Allah menuju kebinasaan.|source=[[Keluaran 34]]:7}}
{{quote|Janganlah ayah dihukum mati karena anaknya, janganlah juga anak dihukum mati karena ayahnya; setiap orang harus dihukum mati karena dosanya sendiri.|source=[[Deuteronomy 24]]:16}}
[[Talmud]] menolak gagasan bahwa orang dapat dihukum secara adil atas dosa orang lain dan [[agama Yahudi]] pada umumnya menjunjung gagasan tanggung jawab individu. Salah satu penafsirannya adalah, meskipun tidak ada kesalahan moral bagi keturunannya, mereka mungkin terkena dampak negatif akibat tindakan nenek moyang mereka.<ref name="sacks" />
===Hinduisme===
Beberapa [[tulisan suci]] dalam [[Hinduisme]] menyatakan,<ref name="SECTION XVII">{{Cite web |title=SECTION XVII |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13a017.htm#fr_170}}</ref>
{{Kutipan|Batang [[bambu]] tipis di tangan [[Brahmana|Brahmana]] lebih kuat dari [[vajra|petir]] milik [[Indra]]. Guntur itu menghanguskan seluruh benda yang ada di atasnya. Tongkat Brahmana (yang melambangkan keperkasaan Brahmana dalam bentuk kutukannya) menghantam generasi yang belum lahir sekalipun. Kekuatan tongkat berasal dari [[Siwa|Mahadeva]].|source=''[[Anushasana Parva]]''}}
Hinduisme juga memiliki konsep kutukan keluarga, yang diturunkan dari suatu generasi ke generasi berikutnya.<ref name="The Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda, containing the earliest speculations of the Brahmans on the meaning of the sacrificial prayers, and on the origin, performance and sense of the rites of the Vedic religion.">{{Cite web |title=The Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda, containing the earliest speculations of the Brahmans on the meaning of the sacrificial prayers, and on the origin, performance and sense of the rites of the Vedic religion. |year=1922|publisher=Bahadurganj, Allahabad Sudhindra Nath Vasu|url=https://archive.org/stream/aitareyabrahmana04hauguoft#page/320/mode/2up}}</ref>
===Shinto Jepang===
{{Expand section|date=September 2022}}
Kutukan keluarga juga turut diajarkan di dalam konsep teologi [[Shinto]] [[agama Jepang|Jepang]].<ref name="Family Curses in Modern and Ancient History">{{Cite web |title=Family Curses in Modern and Ancient History |date=8 August 2015|url=http://howtoremovecurse.com/family-curses/}}</ref>
===Mitologi Yunani===
<!--In [[Greek mythology]], the [[Erinyes]] exacted family curses.<ref name="An Etruscan Cinerary Urn in the Kelsey Museum">{{Cite journal |last=Banducci |first=Laura |date=2007 |title=Family Curses in Modern and Ancient History |journal=Bulletin |volume=17 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bulletinfront/0054307.0017.106/--etruscan-cinerary-urn-in-the-kelsey-museum?g=bulletin;rgn=main;view=fulltext;xc=1}}</ref><ref name="Family Curses in Modern and Ancient History"/> Certain dynasties have had tragic occurrences happen upon them.
The House of [[Cadmus]], who established and ruled over the city of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], was one such house. After slaying the dragon and establishing Thebes upon the earth that the dragon terrorized, [[Ares]] cursed Cadmus and his descendants because of the dragon's sacredness to Ares. Similarly, after [[Hephaestus]] discovered his wife, [[Aphrodite]], having a sexual affair with [[Ares]], he became enraged and vowed to avenge himself for Aphrodite's infidelity by cursing the lineage of any children that resulted from the affair. Aphrodite later bore a daughter, [[Harmonia]], the wife of Cadmus, from Ares' seed.
Cadmus, annoyed at his accursed life and ill fate, remarked that if the gods were so enamoured of the life of a serpent, he might as well wish that life for himself. Immediately Cadmus began to grow scales and change into a serpent. Harmonia, after realizing the fate of her husband, begged the gods to let her share her husband's fate. Of the [[Theban kings in Greek mythology|House of Cadmus]], many had particularly tragic lives and deaths. For example, King [[Minos]] of [[Crete]]'s wife fall madly in love with the [[Cretan Bull]] and bore the [[Minotaur]]. Minos would later be murdered by his daughters whilst bathing. [[Semele]], the mother of [[Dionysus]] by [[Zeus]], was turned into dust because she glanced upon Zeus's true godly form. King [[Laius]] of Thebes was killed by his son, [[Oedipus]]. Oedipus later (unknowingly) marries the queen, his own mother, and becomes king. After finding out he gouges his eyes and exiles himself from Thebes.
Another dynasty that was cursed and was subject to tragic occurrences was the [[Atreus#Mythology of Atreides|House of Atreus]] (also known as the Atreides). The curse begins with [[Tantalus]], a son of Zeus who enjoyed cordial relations with the gods. To test the omniscience of the gods, Tantalus decided to slay his son [[Pelops]] and feed him to the gods as a test of their omniscience. All of the gods, save Demeter, who was too concerned with the [[Persephone#Abduction myth|abduction of her daughter Persephone]] by [[Hades]], knew not to eat from Pelops's cooked corpse. After Demeter had eaten Pelops's shoulder, the gods banished Tantalus into [[Tartarus]] where he would spend eternity standing in a pool of water beneath a fruit-bearing tree with low branches. Whenever he would reach for a fruit, the branches would lift upward so as to remove his intended meal from his grasp. Whenever he would bend over to drink from the pool, the water would recedes into the earth before he could drink. The gods brought Pelops back to life, replacing the bone in his shoulder with a bit of ivory with the help of Hephaestus, thus marking the family forever afterwards.
Pelops would later marry Princess Hippodamia after winning a chariot race against her father, King [[Oenomaus]]. Pelops won the race by sabotaging of King Oenomaus’ chariot, with the help of the king's servant, [[Myrtilus]]. This resulted in King Oenomaus’s death. Later, the servant Myrtilus, who was in love with Hippodamia, was killed by Pelops because Pelops had promised Myrtilus the right to take Hippodamia's virginity in exchange for his help in sabotaging the king's chariot. As Myrtilus died, he cursed Pelops and his line, further adding to the curse on the House of Atreus.
King Atreus, the son of Pelops and the namesake of the Atreidies, would later be killed by his nephew, [[Aegisthus]]. Before his death, Atreus had two sons, King [[Agamemnon]] of [[Mycenae]] and King [[Menelaus]] of [[Sparta]]. King Menelaus's wife, [[Helen of Troy|Helen of Sparta]], would leave him for Prince [[Paris of Troy]], thus beginning the [[Trojan War]]. However, prior to their sailing off for the war, Agamemnon had angered the goddess [[Artemis]] by killing one of her sacred deer. As Agamemnon prepared to sail to Troy to avenge his brother's shame, Artemis stilled the winds so that the Greek fleet could not sail. The [[Divination|seer]] [[Calchas]] told Agamemnon that if he wanted to appease Artemis and sail to [[Troy]], he would have to sacrifice the most precious thing in his possession. Agamemnon sent word home for his daughter [[Iphigenia]] to come to him so that he may sacrifice her, framing it to her that she was to be married to Achilles. Iphigenia, honored by her father's asking her to join him in the war, complied. Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter and went off to war.
[[Clytemnestra]], the wife of Agamemnon and mother to Iphigenia, was so enraged by her husband's actions that when he returned victorious from Troy, she trapped him in a robe with no opening for his head whilst he was bathing and stabbed him to death as he thrashed about. [[Orestes]], the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, was torn between his duty toward avenging his father's death and his sparing his mother. However. after praying to Apollo for consultation, Apollo advised him to kill his mother. Orestes killed his mother and wandered the land, ridden with guilt. Because of the noble act of avenging his father's at the expense of his own soul and reluctance to kill his mother, Orestes was forgiven by the gods, thus ending the curse of the House of Atreus.-->
===Sihir===
<!--{{Section stub|date=September 2022}}
The term ''[[witchcraft]]'' is not well-defined but, at least within [[Schism|factions]]{{Which|date=September 2022}}, the belief in family curses persists.<ref name="The Family Curse: What Modern Witches Need to Know">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2016 |title=The Family Curse: What Modern Witches Need to Know |url=http://witchuniversity.com/2016/the-family-curse-what-modern-witches-need-to-know/}}</ref>-->
== Referensi ==
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