Ali bin Abi Thalib: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
||
Baris 59:
Ketika berusia sekitar sepuluh atau sebelas tahun,{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} Ali termasuk orang pertama yang menerima ajaran Muhammad dan memeluk Islam. Ali masuk Islam setelah Khadijah dan sahabat Muhammad, [[Abu Bakar]]. Meskipun urutan yang tepat masih diperdebatkan di kalangan ulama Syiah dan [[Sunni]],{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} sumber paling awal menempatkan Ali sebelum Abu Bakar.{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} Selama dakwah Muhammad di Makkah yang berlangsung dari tahun 610 hingga 622, Ali dengan tekun tetap mendukung komunitas kecil Muslim, khususnya masyarakat miskin.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} Sekitar tiga tahun setelah wahyu pertamanya,{{sfn|Rubin|1995|p=130}} Muhammad mengumpulkan kerabatnya untuk menyampaikan [[Hadis peringatan|peringatan pertama]], mengundang mereka masuk Islam, dan meminta bantuan mereka untuk ikut serta menegakkan fondasi agama barunya.{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=12}} Ketika berusia sekitar empat belas tahun,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=12}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=34}} Menurut sejarawan Sunni [[ath-Thabari]], Ali adalah satu-satunya kerabat di sana yang menawarkan dukungannya, setelah itu Muhammad memberi tahu tamunya bahwa Ali adalah saudaranya dan penerusnya.{{sfn|Gleave|2008}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=12}} Menurut penafsiran Syiah, peristiwa ini adalah tanda bahwa Muhammad telah menunjuk Ali sebagai penggantinya.{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=12}}{{sfn|Rubin|1995|pp=136–7}}
== Melayani Muhammad ==
<!--
{{See also|Laylat al-Mabit|Event of the mubahala|Military career of Ali|Hadith of the position|Ghadir Khumm}}
When tipped off about an assassination plot in 622, Muhammad escaped to Yathrib, now known as [[Medina]], but Ali stayed behind as his decoy.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{sfn|Huart|2012a}} That Ali risked his life for Muhammad is said to be the reason for the revelation of the [[Quran]]ic passage, "But there is also a kind of man who gives his life away to please God."{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=71, 98}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=46, 206}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} This emigration marks the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]] (AH). Ali too escaped Mecca after returning the goods entrusted to Muhammad there.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Later in Medina, Muhammad selected Ali as his brother when he paired [[Muslims]] for [[Brotherhood among the Sahabah|fraternity pacts]].{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} Around 623–625, Muhammad gave his daughter [[Fatima]] to Ali in marriage,{{sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} aged about twenty-two at the time.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} Muhammad had earlier turned down marriage proposals for Fatima by some of his [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]], notably, Abu Bakr and [[Umar]].{{sfn|Klemm|2005|p=186}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=248}}
===Event of the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}}===
[[File:83_Imam_Ali_searching_of_Doldol_from_Khavaran_Nameh.jpg|thumb|Muhammad and Ali, a folio from the fifteenth century [[Iran|Iranian]] epic ''Khavarannama'']]
A [[Christians|Christian]] envoy from [[Najran]], located in [[South Arabia]], arrived in Medina circa 632 and negotiated a peace treaty with Muhammad.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=13{{ndash}}14}}{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}} The envoy also debated with Muhammad the nature of [[Jesus]], human or divine.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}}{{Sfn|Osman|2015|p=110}} Linked to this episode is verse 3:61 of the Quran,{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=|p=379}} which instructs Muhammad to challenge his opponents to {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} ({{Lit|mutual cursing}}),{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=35}} perhaps when their debate had reached a deadlock.{{Sfn|Osman|2015|p=110}} Even though the delegation ultimately withdrew from the challenge,{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}} Muhammad appeared for the occasion of {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}}, accompanied by Ali, his wife Fatima, and their two sons, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=36}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} The inclusion of these four by Muhammad in the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} ritual, as his witnesses and guarantors,{{Sfn|McAuliffe|2023}}{{Sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} likely raised their religious rank within the community.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}}{{sfn|Lalani|2006|p=29}} If the word 'ourselves' in the verse is a reference to Ali and Muhammad, as Shia authors argue, then the former naturally enjoys a similar religious authority in the Quran as the latter.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=72}}{{Sfn|Bill|Williams|2002|p=29}}[[File:Levha (panel) in honor of Imam 'Ali.jpg|thumb|The topmost Arabic text reads, "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword except Zulfiqar"]]
===Political career===
In Medina, Ali acted as Muhammad's secretary and deputy.{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=13}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} He was also one of the scribes tasked with committing the Quran to writing.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} In 628, Ali wrote down the terms of the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], the peace treaty between Muslims and Meccan pagans. In 630, divine orders pushed Muhammad to replace Abu Bakr with Ali for a key Quranic announcement in Mecca,{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=14}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014}} according to the canonical Sunni source {{Transliteration|ar|[[al-Sunan al-Sughra|Sunan al-Nasa'i]]}}.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} Ali also helped ensure that the [[Conquest of Mecca]] in 630 was bloodless and later destroyed the idols housed in Ka'ba.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} In 631, Ali was sent to preach Islam in [[Yemen]],{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} as a consequence of which the [[Hamdanids (Yemen)|Hamdanids]] peacefully converted.{{sfn|Huart|2012a}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} Ali also peacefully resolved a blood feud between Muslims and the [[Banu Jadhimah|Banu Jadhima]].{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}}
===Military career===
[[File:Sword and shield reproduction from Bab al Nasr gate Cairo Egypt.jpg|thumb|right|Zulfiqar with and without its shield, carved on [[Bab al-Nasr (Cairo)|Bab al-Nasr]] in [[Islamic Cairo|Cairo]], Egypt]]
Ali accompanied Muhammad in all of his military missions except the [[Expedition of Tabuk]] in 630, during which Ali was left behind in charge of Medina.{{sfn|Huart|2012a}} The [[hadith of the position]] is linked to this occasion, "Are you not content, Ali, to stand to me as [[Aaron in Islam|Aaron]] stood to [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], except that there will be no prophet after me?" This statement appears in the canonical Sunni sources {{transliteration|ar|[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]}} and {{transliteration|ar|[[Sahih Muslim]]}}, among others.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2015|p=69}} For the Shia, this [[hadith]] signifies Ali's usurped right to succeed Muhammad.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2015|pp=76–7}} In the absence of Muhammad, Ali commanded the expedition to [[Expedition of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Fadak)|Fadak]] in 628.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}
[[File:Hazrat_Ali_slays_Marhab.JPG|thumb|220x220px|Ali in the Battle of Khaybar]]
Ali was renowned for his bravery on the battlefield,{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} and for his magnanimity towards his defeated enemies.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=46}} He was the [[standard-bearer]] in the [[Battle of Badr]] (624) and the [[Battle of Khaybar]] (628).{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=13}} He vigorously defended Muhammad in the [[Battle of Uhud]] (625) and the [[Battle of Hunayn]] (630),{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} and Muslims' victory in the Battle of Khaybar has been attributed to his courage,{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} where he is said to have torn off the iron gate of the enemy fort.{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} Ali also defeated the pagan champion [[Amr ibn Abd al-Wud|Amr ibn Abd Wudd]] in the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} According to al-Tabari,{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} Muhammad reported hearing a divine voice at Uhud, "[There is] no sword but [[Zulfiqar]] [Ali's sword], [there is] no chivalrous youth ({{Transliteration|ar|fata}}) but Ali."{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014}}{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} Ali and another companion, [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam|Zubayr]], apparently oversaw the killing of the [[Banu Qurayza]] men for treachery in 626{{Ndash}}627,{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} though the historicity of this account has been doubted.{{sfn|Faizer|2006}}{{sfn|Donner|2010|pp=72–3}}{{sfn|Arafat|1976}}
===Ghadir Khumm===
[[File:Investiture of Ali Edinburgh codex.jpg|thumb|The Investiture of Ali at the Ghadir Khumm ([[MS Arab 161]], fol. 162r, 1307–8 [[Ilkhanid]] manuscript illustration)]]
On his return trip from the [[Farewell Pilgrimage|Hajj pilgrimage in 632]], Muhammad halted the large caravan of pilgrims at the [[Ghadir-e Khumm|Ghadir Khumm]] and addressed them after the [[Congregational prayer (Islam)|congregational prayer]].{{sfn|Dakake|2007|pp=34–9}} Taking Ali by the hand, Muhammad asked the crowd if he was not closer ({{transliteration|ar|awla}}) to believers than they were to themselves, which they affirmed.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012d}} Muhammad then declared, "He whose {{transliteration|ar|[[mawla]]}} I am, Ali is his {{transliteration|ar|mawla}}."{{sfn|Dakake|2007|pp=34–7}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012b}} {{Transliteration|ar|[[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Musnad Ibn Hanbal]]}}, a canonical Sunni source, adds that Muhammad repeated this statement three or four more times and that Umar congratulated Ali after the sermon, "You have now become the {{Transliteration|ar|mawla}} of every faithful man and woman."{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=15}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=80}} Muhammad had earlier alerted Muslims about his impending death.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012d}}{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2014}}{{sfn|Jones|2009}} Shia sources describe the event in greater detail, linking the announcement to verses 5:3 and 5:67 of the Quran.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012d}}
The authenticity of the Ghadir Khumm is rarely contested,{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012b}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=20}}{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=35}}{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2014}} as its "among the most extensively acknowledged and substantiated" reports in classical Islamic sources.{{sfn|Lalani|2011}} However, ''{{transliteration|ar|mawla}}'' is a [[polysemous]] Arabic word and its interpretation in the context of the Ghadir Khumm is split along sectarian lines. Shia sources interpret ''{{transliteration|ar|mawla}}'' as 'leader', 'master', and 'patron', {{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=20}} while Sunni sources interpret it as love or support for Ali.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=45}} Shias, therefore, view the Ghadir Khumm as the investiture of Ali with Muhammad's religious and political authority,{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=2}}{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=47}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} while Sunnis regard it as a statement about the rapport between the two men,{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2014}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=21}} or that Ali should execute Muhammad's will.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} Shias point to the extraordinary nature of the announcement,{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=45}} give Quranic and textual evidence,{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=70}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012d}}{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2014}} and argue to eliminate other meanings of {{Transliteration|ar|mawla}} in the hadith except for authority,{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=46}} while Sunnis minimize the importance of the Ghadir Khumm by casting it as a simple response to earlier complaints about Ali.{{sfn|Dakake|2007|pp=44–5}} During his [[caliphate]], Ali is known to have asked Muslims to come forward with their testimonies about the Ghadir Khumm,{{sfn|Lalani|2006|p=590}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=253}}{{sfn|McHugo|2017|loc=§2.IV}} presumably to counter challenges to his legitimacy.{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=41}}-->
== Kekhalifahan ==
{{Utama|Masa pemerintahan Ali}}
| |||