Air: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Iceberg with hole near Sandersons Hope 2007-07-28 2.jpg|Air dalam tiga wujudnya, [[cairan]] di laut, [[es]] yang mengambang, dan awan di udara yang merupakan [[uap air]].|jmpl|ka|220px]]
'''Air''' adalah [[senyawa kimia|senyawa]] yang penting bagi semua bentuk [[kehidupan]] yang diketahui sampai saat ini di [[Bumi]],<ref>{{en}} Philip Ball, ''Water and life: Seeking the solution'', [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v436/n7054/full/4361084a.html Nature '''436''', 1084–1085 (25 August 2005) | doi:10.1038/4361084a]</ref><ref>{{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/19970617152802/http://www.umanitoba.ca/institutes/fisheries/waternot.html Water – The Essential Substance], Experimental Lakes Area, University of Manitoba</ref><ref>[http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/xtremelife/ingredients.php What are the Essential Ingredients of Life?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606233725/http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/xtremelife/ingredients.php |date=2014-06-06 }}, Natural History Museum, California Academy of Sciences</ref> tetapi tidak di [[planet]] lain.<ref>{{en}} Steven A Benner, ''Water is not an essential ingredient for Life, scientists now claim'', [http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=15568 SpaceRef.com]{{Pranala mati|date=Juli 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [http://uplink.space.com/showflat.php?Cat=&Board=seti&Number=99260&page=21&view=collapsed&sb=5&o=0&fpart= uplink.space.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109185307/http://uplink.space.com/showflat.php?Cat=&Board=seti&Number=99260&page=21&view=collapsed&sb=5&o=0&fpart= |date=2007-11-09 }}</ref> Rumus [[kimia]]<nowiki/>nya adalah {{chem|H|2|O}}, yang setiap molekulnya mengandung satu [[oksigen]] dan dua [[atom hidrogen]] yang dihubungkan oleh [[ikatan kovalen]]. Air menutupi hampir 71% permukaan Bumi. Terdapat 1,4 triliun [[kilometer]] kubik (330 juta mil³) air tersedia di Bumi.<ref>{{en}} http://www.unep.org/vitalwater/01.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606230804/http://www.unep.org/vitalwater/01.htm |date=2007-06-06 }}</ref> Air sebagian besar dapat ditemukan di [[laut]] ([[air asin]]) dan pada lapisan-lapisan es (di kutub dan puncak-puncak gunung). Selain itu, air juga dapat ditemukan di [[awan]], [[hujan]], [[sungai]], [[Air tawar|permukaan air tawar]], [[danau]], [[uap air]], dan [[lautan es]]. Air dalam objek-objek tersebut berpindah mengikuti suatu [[siklus air]], yaitu: melalui [[penguapan]], [[hujan]], dan aliran air di atas permukaan tanah (''runoff'', meliputi [[mata air]], [[sungai]], [[muara]]) menuju [[laut]]. Air bersih penting bagi kehidupan [[manusia]].
Transportasi melalui air merupakan tulang punggung perdagangan dan perekonomian<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-30|title=Shipping - Backbone of Global Economy, says UN|url=https://www.marinelink.com/news/shipping-backbone-economy416190|website=MarineLink|language=en|access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref>. Volume budidaya ikan dari perairan alami dan budidaya perikanan melebihi 170 juta ton pada tahun 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Towards Blue Transformation|url=https://www.fao.org/state-of-fisheries-aquaculture/en/|website=www.fao.org|language=en|access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref>. Pada tahun 2018, pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang beroperasi di seluruh dunia dengan total kapasitas 21,9 GW menghasilkan energi sebesar 4.185 TWh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-04|title=Statistics and knowledge {{!}} International Hydropower Association|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604044525/https://www.hydropower.org/statistics-and-knowledge-management|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref>. Selain itu, air juga digunakan dalam peralatan pendingin dan pemanas, serta pembangkit listrik tenaga panas. Penerapannya dalam industri kimia dan farmasi juga sangat beragam. Di satu sisi, ini adalah pelarut, media reaksi, dan reagen yang sangat diperlukan dalam sintesis anorganik<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mardina|first=Primata|last2=Putra|first2=Meilana Dharma|last3=Wijayanti|first3=Hesti|last4=Nata|first4=Iryanti Fatyasari|last5=Juwita|first5=Rinna|last6=Kinasih|first6=Annisa Putri|last7=Fortuna|first7=Intan Gemilang Dewi|date=2023-10-01|title=Hydrothermally treated corncob as solid acid catalyst for facile hydrolysis of starch from avocado seed|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-023-02482-0|journal=Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis|language=en|volume=136|issue=5|pages=2601–2615|doi=10.1007/s11144-023-02482-0|issn=1878-5204}}</ref> dan organik<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sun|first=Yuzhi|last2=Zhang|first2=Penghui|last3=Liu|first3=Yang|last4=Wu|first4=Shang|last5=Yang|first5=Quanlu|date=2023-11-08|title=An efficient and recyclable palygorskite-supported palladium catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions in water at room-temperature|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-023-02533-6|journal=Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11144-023-02533-6|issn=1878-5204}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hasnaoui|first=Ali|last2=Nayad|first2=Abdallah|last3=Fkhar|first3=Lahcen|last4=Louroubi|first4=Abdelhadi|last5=Mahmoud|first5=Abdelfattah|last6=Boschini|first6=Frederic|last7=Mounkachi|first7=Omar|last8=bahsis|first8=Lahoucine|last9=El firdoussi|first9=Larbi|date=2023-06-01|title=Oxyfunctionalization of natural terpenes catalyzed by La1−xSrxMnO3 in water as solvent: an experimental and theoretical study|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-023-02428-6|journal=Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis|language=en|volume=136|issue=3|pages=1467–1482|doi=10.1007/s11144-023-02428-6|issn=1878-5204}}</ref>. Reformasi [[alkana]] dengan uap menghasilkan gas sintesis<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Katheria|first=Sanjay|last2=Kunzru|first2=Deepak|last3=Deo|first3=Goutam|date=2020-06-01|title=Kinetics of steam reforming of methane on Rh–Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-020-01767-y|journal=Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis|language=en|volume=130|issue=1|pages=91–101|doi=10.1007/s11144-020-01767-y|issn=1878-5204}}</ref>, dan dengan perengkahan uap, dihasilkan olefin yang sangat berharga ([[Etena|etilen]], [[Propena|propilena]]). Ia juga memainkan peran penting dalam sintesis asam akrilat <ref>Surface chemistry of phase-pure M1 MoVTeNb oxide during operation in selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid. Journal of Catalysis, 285, 48-60, <nowiki>https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1108560_8/component/file_1402724/content</nowiki>
</ref><ref>The reaction network in propane oxidation over phase-pure MoVTeNb M1 oxide catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 311, 369-385.
https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1896844_6/component/file_1896843/content</ref><ref>Kinetic studies of propane oxidation on Mo and V based mixed oxide catalysts. PhD Thesis, Technische Universität Berlin <nowiki>https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1199619_5/component/file_1199618/content</nowiki></ref> dan dalam perengkahan kumena<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Rezende Locatel|first=William|last2=Laurenti|first2=Dorothée|last3=Schuurman|first3=Yves|last4=Guilhaume|first4=Nolven|date=2023-11-14|title=Effect of steam on the modification of Brønsted/Lewis acidity of Nb–Mn mixed oxide catalysts|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-023-02536-3|journal=Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11144-023-02536-3|issn=1878-5204}}</ref>. Penelitian intensif juga diarahkan pada produksi elektrokimia hidrogen peroksida dari air<ref>Anodic production of hydrogen peroxide using commercial carbon materials<code><nowiki>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0926337321009735</nowiki></code></ref>.
Selain di Bumi, sejumlah besar air juga diperkirakan terdapat pada [[kutub]] utara dan selatan planet [[Mars]], serta pada bulan-bulan [[Europa]] dan [[Enceladus]]. Air dapat berwujud [[padat]]an (es), [[cair]]an (air) dan [[gas]] (uap air). Air merupakan satu-satunya zat yang secara alami terdapat di permukaan Bumi dalam ketiga wujudnya tersebut.<ref>{{en}} Peter Tyson, ''Life's Little Essential'', [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/essential.html NOVA, Origins, July 2004]</ref>
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: <math>\mbox{ }2H_{2}O(l) \rightarrow 2H_{2}(g) + O_{2}(g)\,</math>
Gas hidrogen dan oksigen yang dihasilkan dari reaksi ini membentuk gelembung pada [[elektrode]] dan dapat dikumpulkan. Prinsip ini kemudian dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan hidrogen dan hidrogen peroksida (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) <ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41570-019-0110-6</ref><ref>Anodic generation of hydrogen peroxide in continuous flow <code><nowiki>https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/gc/d2gc02575b</nowiki></code></ref> yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar kendaraan hidrogen.<ref>{{en}} Michael Kwan, ''Prototype car runs 100 miles on four ounces of water as fuel'', [http://www.mobilemag.com/content/100/354/C8115/ Mobile Magazine Thursday June 1, 2006 6:41 AM PDT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306122721/http://www.mobilemag.com/content/100/354/C8115/ |date=2007-03-06 }}</ref><ref>{{en}} ''Fuel from "Burning Water"'', [http://www.keelynet.com/energy/waterfuel.htm KeelyNet 01/09/02] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323100317/http://www.keelynet.com/energy/waterfuel.htm |date=2007-03-23 }}</ref><ref>{{en}} [http://www.freeenergynews.com/Directory/Hydrogen/index.html Hydrogen Technologies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323103428/http://www.freeenergynews.com/Directory/Hydrogen/index.html |date=2007-03-23 }}</ref>
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