Greenpeace: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''''Greenpeace''''' adalah jaringan kampanye global independen, yang didirikan di Kanada pada tahun 1971 oleh Irving Stowe dan Dorothy Stowe, aktivis lingkungan imigran dari [[Amerika Serikat]]. ''Greenpeace'' menyatakan bahwa tujuannya adalah untuk "memastikan kemampuan [[Bumi]] untuk memelihara [[kehidupan]] dalam segala [[Keanekaragaman hayati|keanekaragamannya]]"<ref name="GPI-FAQ">{{cite web|date=8 January 2009|title=Greenpeace International FAQ: Questions about Greenpeace in general|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/faq/questions-about-greenpeace-in|publisher=Greenpeace.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411091859/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/faq/questions-about-greenpeace-in|archive-date=11 April 2010|access-date=21 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> dan memfokuskan kampanyenya pada isu-isu dunia seperti [[perubahan iklim]], [[Deforestasi|penggundulan hutan]], [[Penangkapan ikan berlebih|penangkapan ikan yang berlebihan]], [[Perburuan paus|perburuan paus komersial]], [[Rekayasa genetik|rekayasa genetika]], dan isu-isu [[Gerakan anti-nuklir|anti-nuklir]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Santese|first1=Angela|date=2020|title=Between Pacifism and Environmentalism: The History of Greenpeace|journal=USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics|volume=3|issue=1S|pages=107–115|doi=10.6092/issn.2611-2752/11648|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mereka menggunakan [[Tindakan langsung|aksi langsung]], [[advokasi]], [[penelitian]], dan [[ekowisata]] untuk mencapai tujuannya.

Jaringan ini terdiri dari 26 organisasi nasional/regional independen di lebih dari 55 negara di Eropa, Amerika, Afrika, Asia, Australia dan Pasifik, serta sebuah badan koordinasi, ''Greenpeace International'', yang berpusat di [[Amsterdam]], [[Belanda]].

Jaringan global ini tidak menerima dana dari pemerintah, perusahaan, atau partai politik, dan mengandalkan tiga juta pendukung perorangan dan hibah yayasan.<ref name="HBS">{{cite web|last=Gilbert|first=Sarah Jane|date=8 September 2008|title=Harvard Business School, HBS Cases: The Value of Environmental Activists|url=http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5797.html|publisher=Hbswk.hbs.edu|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091010181022/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5797.html|archive-date=10 October 2009|access-date=21 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Annual report 2011">[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/greenpeace/2012/AnnualReport2011.pdf Greenpeace, Annual Report 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019194520/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/greenpeace/2012/AnnualReport2011.pdf|date=19 October 2017}}.</ref> ''Greenpeace'' memiliki status konsultatif umum dengan [[Dewan Ekonomi dan Sosial Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]<ref name="ecosoc">{{cite web|title=List of non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council as of 1 September 2011|url=http://csonet.org/content/documents/E2011INF4.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405053131/http://www.csonet.org/content/documents/E2011INF4.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2013|access-date=23 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> dan merupakan anggota pendiri<ref name="INGO">{{cite web|title=International Non-Governmental Organisations Accountability Charter: Charter Background|url=http://www.ingoaccountabilitycharter.org/about-the-charter/background-of-the-charter/|publisher=Ingoaccountabilitycharter.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170305/http://www.ingoaccountabilitycharter.org/about-the-charter/background-of-the-charter/|archive-date=13 May 2013|access-date=23 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Piagam Akuntabilitas INGO, sebuah organisasi non-pemerintah internasional yang bermaksud mendorong akuntabilitas dan transparansi organisasi non-pemerintah.

''Greenpeace'' dikenal dengan aksi-aksi langsung tanpa kekerasan dan telah digambarkan sebagai salah satu organisasi lingkungan yang paling terlihat di dunia.<ref name="GP study">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040906234256/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4339/is_2000_Annual/ai_63543389 Henry Mintzberg & Frances Westley – Sustaining the Institutional Environment]. ''BNET.com''</ref> ''Greenpeace'' telah mengangkat isu-isu lingkungan menjadi pengetahuan publik,<ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/Environ/060928113427.bss6s23k EU commissioner hails blockade on waste ship].{{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ''EUbusiness'', 28 September 2006.</ref><ref>Marc Mormont & Christine Dasnoy; Source strategies and the mediatization of climate change. ''Media, Culture & Society'', Vol. 17, No. 1, 49–64 (1995).</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Milmo|first=Cahal|date=18 February 2009|title=The Independent Wednesday, 18 February 2009: Dumped in Africa: Britain's toxic waste|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/dumped-in-africa-britain8217s-toxic-waste-1624869.html|work=The Independent|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015085412/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/dumped-in-africa-britain8217s-toxic-waste-1624869.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=21 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> dan mempengaruhi sektor swasta dan publik.<ref name="UNEP: Our Planet: Celebrating 20 Years of Montreal Protocol">{{cite web|title=UNEP: Our Planet: Celebrating 20 Years of Montreal Protocol|url=http://www.unep.org/PDF/OurPlanet/2007/sept/EN/ARTICLE8.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012052334/http://www.unep.org/PDF/OurPlanet/2007/sept/EN/ARTICLE8.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2007|access-date=21 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Adidas, Clarks, Nike and Timberland agree moratorium on illegal Amazon leather">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/5970141/Adidas-Clarks-Nike-and-Timberland-agree-moratorium-on-illegal-Amazon-leather.html Adidas, Clarks, Nike and Timberland agree moratorium on illegal Amazon leather] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006112638/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/5970141/Adidas-Clarks-Nike-and-Timberland-agree-moratorium-on-illegal-Amazon-leather.html|date=6 October 2014}}. ''Telegraph'', 4 August 2009.</ref> Organisasi ini telah menerima kritik; organisasi ini menjadi subjek surat terbuka dari lebih dari 100 penerima Nobel yang mendesak ''Greenpeace'' untuk mengakhiri kampanyenya menentang [[Organisme termodifikasi secara genetika|organisme hasil rekayasa genetika]] (GMO).<ref name="openletter">{{Cite web|title=Laureates Letter Supporting Precision Agriculture (GMOs) {{!}} Support Precision Agriculture|url=http://supportprecisionagriculture.org/nobel-laureate-gmo-letter_rjr.html|website=supportprecisionagriculture.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707040151/http://supportprecisionagriculture.org/nobel-laureate-gmo-letter_rjr.html|archive-date=7 July 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Tindakan langsung organisasi ini telah memicu tindakan hukum terhadap para [[Aktivisme|aktivis]] ''Greenpeace'',<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2010|title=Greenpeace members charged in Mount Rushmore G-8 protest|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/07/08/south.dakota.protest/index.html|publisher=CNN.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006054835/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/07/08/south.dakota.protest/index.html|archive-date=6 October 2020|access-date=8 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> seperti denda dan penangguhan hukuman karena menghancurkan plot uji coba gandum yang dimodifikasi secara genetik<ref name="oregon">[http://www.biofortified.org/2013/06/gmo-crops-vandalized-in-oregon/ GMO crops vandalized in Oregon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155743/https://biofortified.org/2013/06/gmo-crops-vandalized-in-oregon/|date=24 February 2021}}, Karl Haro von Mogel, [[Biology Fortified]], 24 June 2013.</ref><ref name="smh">{{cite news|date=2 August 2012|title=Greenpeace activists in costly GM protest|url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/greenpeace-activists-in-costly-gm-protest-20120802-23i0t.html|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308230830/https://www.smh.com.au/environment/greenpeace-activists-in-costly-gm-protest-20120802-23i0t.html|archive-date=8 March 2021|access-date=8 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="canberra">{{cite news|date=19 November 2012|title=GM crop destroyers given suspended sentences|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/gm-crop-destroyers-given-suspended-sentences-20121119-29l66.html|newspaper=The Canberra Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205181420/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/gm-crop-destroyers-given-suspended-sentences-20121119-29l66.html|archive-date=5 February 2018|access-date=8 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> dan, menurut Pemerintah Peru, merusak [[Garis-garis Nazca|Garis Nazca]], sebuah situs Warisan Dunia PBB.<ref name="WSJ Nazca">{{cite news|last=Kozak|first=Robert|date=14 December 2014|title=Peru Says Greenpeace Permanently Damaged Nazca Lines|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/peru-says-greenpeace-permanently-damaged-nazca-lines-1418681478|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221182041/https://www.wsj.com/articles/peru-says-greenpeace-permanently-damaged-nazca-lines-1418681478|archive-date=21 December 2014|access-date=3 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>