Zolpidem: Perbedaan antara revisi

<!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Schedule IV|legal_UK=Class C|legal_US=Schedule IV<ref name=AFP2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matheson E, Hainer BL | title = Insomnia: Pharmacologic Therapy | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–35 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28671376 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0701/p29.html | access-date = 2018-08-18 | archive-date = 2018-08-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051215/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0701/p29.html | url-status = live }}</ref>|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=<!-- Physiological data -->|bioavailability=70% (by mouth)|protein_bound=92%|metabolism=[[Liver]] through [[CYP3A4]] and [[CYP1A2]]|elimination_half-life=2.5–3 hours<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web|title=Zolpidem Tartrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|excretion=[[Kidney]] (56%)<br />[[Feces|fecal]] (34%)

'''Zolpidem''' adalah obat yang digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah masalah tidur jangka pendek. <ref name="AHFS2018">{{Citecite web|title=Zolpidem Tartrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="UKlabel">{{Cite web|date=21 May 2018|title=Stilnoct 10mg Film-Coated Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4933/smpc|publisher=UK Electronic Medicines Compendium|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005704/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4933/smpc|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=19 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pedoman terapi yang ada merekomendasikan obat ini jika suudah melalui konseling dan ada perubahan perilaku, seperti [[pola tidur bersih]] <ref name="NICE2014">{{Cite web|date=28 April 2004|title=Guidance on the use of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone for the short-term management of insomnia|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta77/chapter/1-Guidance|publisher=NICE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005722/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta77/chapter/1-Guidance|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="EUsleep2017">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|date=December 2017|title=European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia|journal=Journal of Sleep Research|volume=26|issue=6|pages=675–700|doi=10.1111/jsr.12594|pmid=28875581|vauthors=Riemann D, Baglioni C, Bassetti C, Bjorvatn B, Dolenc Groselj L, Ellis JG, Espie CA, Garcia-Borreguero D, Gjerstad M, Gonçalves M, Hertenstein E, Jansson-Fröjmark M, Jennum PJ, Leger D, Nissen C, Parrino L, Paunio T, Pevernagie D, Verbraecken J, Weeß HG, Wichniak A, Zavalko I, Arnardottir ES, Deleanu OC, Strazisar B, Zoetmulder M, Spiegelhalder K}} {{Open access}}</ref> <ref name="ACP2016">{{Cite journal|date=July 2016|title=Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=165|issue=2|pages=125–33|doi=10.7326/M15-2175|pmid=27136449|vauthors=Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD}} {{Open access}}</ref> Dalam penggunaannya obat ini bisa menurunkan waktu mulai tidur sebanyak 15 menit dan jika menggunakan dosis yang lebih besar bisa membantu orang tertidur lebih lama. <ref name="AFP2017">{{Citecite journal | vauthors = Matheson E, Hainer BL | title = Insomnia: Pharmacologic Therapy | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–35 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28671376 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0701/p29.html | access-date = 2018-08-18 | archive-date = 2018-08-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051215/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0701/p29.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Rute minum obat zolpidem melalui oral sediaan yang sudah tersedia ada dalam bentuk tablet biasa, tablet sublingual, atau [[Rute pemberian|semprotan oral]] . <ref name="AHFS2018">{{cite web|title=Zolpidem Tartrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Efek samping yang umum dalam penggunaan obat ini seperti: rasa kantuk di siang hari, sakit kepala, rasa mual, dan muncul diare. <ref name="AHFS2018">{{Cite web|title=Zolpidem Tartrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|url-status=live}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html "Zolpidem Tartrate"]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html Archived] from the original on 16 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Efek samping lainnya yang bisa muncul pada penggunaan obat ini yakni gangguan masalah ingatan, [[halusinasi]], dan [[Penyalahgunaan obat|penyalahgunaan]] . <ref name="AFP2017">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Matheson E, Hainer BL | title = Insomnia: Pharmacologic Therapy | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–35 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28671376 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0701/p29.html | access-date = 2018-08-18 | archive-date = 2018-08-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051215/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0701/p29.html | url-status = live }}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMathesonHainer2017">Matheson E, Hainer BL (July 2017). [https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0701/p29.html "Insomnia: Pharmacologic Therapy"]. ''American Family Physician''. <b>96</b> (1): 29–35. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28671376 28671376]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051215/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0701/p29.html Archived] from the original on 2018-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Dosis pada zolpidem yang direkomendasikan mengalami penurunan pada tahun 2013 hal ini karena, bisa menyebabkan gangguan pada hari esoknya. <ref name="FDA2013">{{Cite web|title=Drug Safety and Availability - FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA approves new label changes and dosing for zolpidem products and a recommendation to avoid driving the day after using Ambien CR|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm352085.htm|website=www.fda.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406065123/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm352085.htm|archive-date=2018-04-06|access-date=2018-03-15|url-status=live}}</ref> Penggunaan zolpidem tidak direkomendasikan untuk mengemudi kendaraan tidak direkomendasikan juga pada pengguna dosis yang lebih tinggi atau penggunaan jangka panjang. <ref name="FDA2013">{{cite web|title=Drug Safety and Availability - FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA approves new label changes and dosing for zolpidem products and a recommendation to avoid driving the day after using Ambien CR|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm352085.htm|website=www.fda.gov|access-date=2018-03-15|archive-date=2018-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406065123/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm352085.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Penggunaan obat flumazenil bisa membalikkan efek dari zolpidem, juga penggunaannya hanya untuk [[Pengobatan simtomatik|perawatan suportif]] yang direkomendasikan jika terjadi overdosis. <ref name="Forensic2013">{{Cite journal|date=June 2013|title=The clinical and forensic toxicology of Z-drugs|journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=155–62|doi=10.1007/s13181-013-0292-0|pmc=3657020|pmid=23404347|vauthors=Gunja N}}</ref>

Zolpidem merupakan golongan obat nonbenzodiazepine Z yang memiliki fungsi sebagai obat penenang dan dipakai sebagai [[obat tidur]] . <ref name="AHFS2018">{{Cite web|title=Zolpidem Tartrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|url-status=live}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html "Zolpidem Tartrate"]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html Archived] from the original on 16 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Z2013">{{Cite journal|last=Gunja|first=N|date=June 2013|title=The clinical and forensic toxicology of Z-drugs|journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=155–62|doi=10.1007/s13181-013-0292-0|pmc=3657020|pmid=23404347}}</ref> Zolpidem bekerja di agonis reseptor GABA dari kelas imidazopyridine . <ref name="AHFS2018">{{cite web|title=Zolpidem Tartrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Obat zolpidem memiliki mekanisme kerja dengan cara meningkatkan efek [[Asam gama-aminobutirat|GABA]] di [[sistem saraf pusat]] dengan mengikat reseptor GABA _A di lokasi yang sama seperti golongan [[benzodiazepin]] . <ref name="AHFS2018">{{cite web|title=Zolpidem Tartrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Zolpidem memiliki [[Waktu paruh biologis|waktu paruh]] sekitar 2-3 jam. <ref name="AHFS2018">{{cite web|title=Zolpidem Tartrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Waktu paruh bisa saja meningkat jika digunakan pada mereka yang memiliki gangguan liver . <ref name="AHFS2018">{{cite web|title=Zolpidem Tartrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023759/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/zolpidem-tartrate.html|url-status=live}}</ref>