Batu amandel: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Infobox medical condition|name=Tonsil stones|synonym=Tonsillolith, tonsillolithiasis, tonsillar stones, chronic caseous tonsillitis|image=Tonsillolith in mouth.jpg|caption=A tonsillolith lodged in the tonsillar crypt|specialty=[[Otorhinolaryngology]]|symptoms=None, [[bad breath]]<ref name=Fer2014>{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref>|onset=|duration=|causes=|risks=Recurrent [[throat infections]]<ref name=Whi2014>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Stuart C. |last2=Pharoah |first2=Michael J. |title=Oral Radiology - E-Book: Principles and Interpretation |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-09634-8 |page=527 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091021/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527 |url-status=live }}</ref>|diagnosis=|differential=Calcified [[granulomatous disease]], [[mycosis]], [[syphilis]]<ref name=Whi2014>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Stuart C. |last2=Pharoah |first2=Michael J. |title=Oral Radiology - E-Book: Principles and Interpretation |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-09634-8 |page=527 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091021/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527 |url-status=live }}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=None, gargling with salt water, [[tonsillectomy]]<ref name=Fer2014>{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref>|medication=[[Chlorhexidine]]<ref name=Fer2014>{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref>|prognosis=|frequency=Up to 10%<ref name=Fer2014>{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref>|deaths=}}'''Batu amandel'''i adalah [[mineralisasi]] di celah-celah bagian [[amandel]] , batu amandel juga dikenal sebagai tonsillolith. <ref name="Fer2014">{{Citecite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359|last=Ferguson|first=M}}</ref> <ref name="Ram04">{{Cite journal|date=July 2004|title=Pseudo bilateral tonsilloliths: a case report and review of the literature|journal=Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod|volume=98|issue=1|pages=110–4|doi=10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.11.015|pmid=15243480|vauthors=Ram S, Siar CH, Ismail SM, Prepageran N}}</ref> Jika tidak termineralisasi, sisa-sisa ini disebut dengan '''tonsilitis kaseosa kronis''' ( '''CCT''' ). <ref name="Fer2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref> Tanda terbentuknya batu amandel munculnya [[Halitosis|bau mulut]] . <ref name="Fer2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref> Biasanya keadaan ini tidak menimbulkan rasa sakit. <ref name="Fer2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref>

Keadaan ini bisa saja berisiko membuat [[Faringitis|infeksi tenggorokan]] berulang. <ref name="Whi2014">{{Citecite book |last1=White |first1=Stuart C. |last2=Pharoah |first2=Michael J. |title=Oral Radiology - E-Book: Principles and Interpretation |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-09634-8 |page=527 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091021/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527 |url-status=live |last=White|first=Stuart C.}}</ref> Komposisi dari batu amandel ini terdiri dari [[biofilm]] dari sejumlah [[bakteri]]-bakteri yang berbeda. <ref name="Fer2014">{{Cite journal|last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359|last=Ferguson|first=M}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFergusonAydinMickel2014">Ferguson, M; Aydin, M; Mickel, J (October 2014). "Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management". ''Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery''. <b>151</b> (4): 567–74. [[doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0194599814544881 10.1177/0194599814544881]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25096359 25096359].</cite></ref> Kondisi ini sering dijumpai pada amandel palatina, dan kondisi inipun bisa terjadi pada amandel lingual . <ref name="Ram04">{{Cite journal|date=July 2004|title=Pseudo bilateral tonsilloliths: a case report and review of the literature|journal=Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod|volume=98|issue=1|pages=110–4|doi=10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.11.015|pmid=15243480|vauthors=Ram S, Siar CH, Ismail SM, Prepageran N}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRamSiarIsmailPrepageran2004">Ram S, Siar CH, Ismail SM, Prepageran N (July 2004). </cite></ref> Berat batu amandel bisa beragam dalam catatan beratnya mulai dari 0,3{{Spaces}}g ke 42{{Spaces}}G. <ref name="Ram04">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ram S, Siar CH, Ismail SM, Prepageran N |title=Pseudo bilateral tonsilloliths: a case report and review of the literature |journal=Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=110–4 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15243480 |doi= 10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.11.015}}</ref> Batu amandel bisa ditemukan selama [[pencitraan medis]] dikarenakan alasan lain. <ref>{{Cite book|date=2009|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textbook_of_Oral_Radiology/mO6Z07lHQO4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA607|title=Textbook of Oral Radiology|publisher=Elsevier India|isbn=978-81-312-1148-9|page=607|language=en|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091029/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textbook_of_Oral_Radiology/mO6Z07lHQO4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA607|archive-date=29 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kondisi batu amandel tidak perlu diobati jika, tidak mengganggu. <ref name="Fer2014">{{Cite journal|last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359|last=Ferguson|first=M}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFergusonAydinMickel2014">Ferguson, M; Aydin, M; Mickel, J (October 2014). "Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management". ''Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery''. <b>151</b> (4): 567–74. [[doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0194599814544881 10.1177/0194599814544881]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25096359 25096359].</cite></ref> Menghilangkan batu amandel bisa secara manual, dan bisa juga dengan cara berkumur dengan air garam. <ref name="Fer2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref> Penggunaan senyawa [[Klorheksidin]] juga bisa dicoba untuk membantu menghilangkan batu amandel. <ref name="Fer2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref> Tindakan bedah seperti [[Tonsilektomi|pengangkatan amandel]] sebagian atau seluruhnya bisa menghilangkan batu amandel. <ref name="Fer2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wong Chung|first=JERE|last2=van Benthem|first2=PPG|last3=Blom|first3=HM|date=May 2018|title=Tonsillotomy versus tonsillectomy in adults suffering from tonsil-related afflictions: a systematic review.|journal=Acta Oto-Laryngologica|volume=138|issue=5|pages=492–501|doi=10.1080/00016489.2017.1412500|pmid=29241412}}</ref> Persentase orang yang mengalami batu amandel sekitar 10% . <ref name="Fer2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref> Perbandingan antara pria ,dan wanita yang mengalami batu amandel sama <ref name="Fer2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=M |last2=Aydin |first2=M |last3=Mickel |first3=J |title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=October 2014 |volume=151 |issue=4 |pages=567–74 |doi=10.1177/0194599814544881 |pmid=25096359}}</ref> Lansia yang paling sering terkena dampaknya. <ref name="Whi2014">{{Cite book|last2=Pharoah |first2=Michael J. |title=Oral Radiology - E-Book: Principles and Interpretation |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-09634-8 |page=527 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091021/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527 |url-status=live |last=White|first=Stuart C.}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWhitePharoah2014">White, Stuart C.; Pharoah, Michael J. (2014). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527 ''Oral Radiology - E-Book: Principles and Interpretation'']. Elsevier Health Sciences. p.&nbsp;527. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-323-09634-8|<bdi>978-0-323-09634-8</bdi>]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091021/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527 Archived] from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref>