Fasisme: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler.jpg|jmpl|225px|Mussolini dan Hitler, penganut fasisme.]]
'''Fasisme''' adalah ideologi politik dan gerakan [[politik kanan jauh|sayap kanan ekstrem]], [[otoritarian]]isme, dan [[ultranasionalisme|ultranasionalistik]],<ref>{{harvp|Turner|1975|p=162}}: "... goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism".; {{harvp|Larsen|Hagtvet|Myklebust|1984|p=424}}: "...organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism".; {{harvp|Paxton|2004|pp=32, 45, 173}}: (32) "...antiliberal values, more aggressive nationalism and racism, and a new aesthetic of instinct and violence", (173) "...overtly violent racism and nationalism. [...] its defining elements—unlimited particular sovereignty, a relish for war, and a society based on violent exclusion"; {{harvp|Nolte|1965|p=300}}: "National fascism, as we have shown, is distinguished from nationalism by, among other things, the fact it demands the destruction of a neighbouring state whose very existence appears to threaten its own position of power and the historic remains of its past dominant status in the area."</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{harvp|Encyclopedia Britannica ''Fascism''}}: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a {{lang|de|Volksgemeinschaft}} (German: "people's community"), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation"</ref><ref name="m-w" /> yang ditandai dengan kepemimpinan bak [[Liberalisme|diktator]], [[otokrasi]] yang terpusat, [[militerisme]], pemberangusan paksa terhadap oposisi, kepercayaan terhadap adanya [[kelas sosial|hierarki sosial]], penghilangan [[individualisme|hak-hak individu]] atas nama kebaikan negara dan ras, serta penyeragaman dan pengontrolan luar biasa terhadap masyarakat dan ekonomi.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="m-w">{{cite dictionary|title=fascism |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism |dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster Online]] |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822084905/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism |url-status=live}}</ref>
Fasisme mulanya mencuat di Eropa awal abad ke-20.<ref name="RoutledgeCompanion">{{harvp|Davies|Lynch|2002|pp=[https://archive.org/details/routledgecompani00davi/page/1 1–5]}}</ref>{{sfn|International Encyclopedia of Political Science|loc=Fascism|p=887–888}} Gerakan fasis pertama [[Fasisme Italia|muncul di Italia]] pada masa [[Perang Dunia I]], sebelum [[Fasisme di Eropa|menyebar ke negara Eropa lainnya]], khususnya [[Nazi Jerman|Jerman]].<ref name="RoutledgeCompanion" /> Fasisme juga memiliki pendukungnya di luar Eropa.{{sfnp|Encyclopedia Britannica ''Fascism''}} Berbeda dengan [[anarkisme]], [[demokrasi]], [[pluralisme]], [[liberalisme]], [[sosialisme]], and [[Marxisme]],{{sfn|International Encyclopedia of Political Science|loc=Fascism|p=889}}<ref name="USHMM">{{cite web |title=Fascism |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/fascism-1 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |language=en}}</ref> fasisme berada dalam sayap kanan-jauh dalam [[Kiri dan kanan (politik)|spektrum politik kiri-kanan]] tradisional.<ref name="RoutledgeCompanion" /><ref name="USHMM" /><ref name="University-Aristotle-Hartley-Wilhelm-Hawkesworth">{{harvp|Griffin|1995|pp=8, 307}}; {{harvp|Kallis|2003b|p=71}}; {{harvp|Hartley|2004|p=187}}; {{harvp|Reich|1970}}; {{harvp|Hawkesworth|Kogan|1992}}; {{harvp|Copsey|2008}}; {{harvp|Goodwin|2011}}; {{harvp|Woodley|2010}}; {{harvp|Blamires|2006}}; {{harvp|Richardson|2017}}; {{harvp|Eley|2013}}; {{harvp|Wistrich|1976}}</ref>
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