Kekaisaran Romawi Suci: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[File:Maximilian I watching an execution during Philip and Joanna betrothal.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left |Maximilian I lebih tertarik menonton pelaksanaan hukuman mati ketimbang menyaksikan upacara pertunangan putranya, [[Philipp I dari Kastilia|Pangeran Filips Rupawan]], dengan [[Juana dari Kastilia|Putri Juana Gila]]. [[Kain dan Habel]] tergambar di sudut kanan atas. Gambar sindirian terhadap ikhtiar pembaharuan tatanan hukum yang diprakarsai Kaisar Maximilian, yang disebut-sebut sebagai wujud kesewenang-wenangan kaisar. Dibuat dengan mengatasnamakan para anggota dewan kotaprajakota Augsburg. Pelat nomor 89 dari ''Von der Arztney bayder Glück'' karya [[:de:Petrarcameister|Petrarcameister]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodnet |first=Andrew Arthur |title=The Othering of the Landsknechte |date=2018 |publisher=North Carolina State University |page=81}}</ref>]]

Pada sidang Permusyawaratan Negara tahun 1495 di Worms, pemberlakuan hukum Romawi dipercepat dan diundangkan. Hukum Romawi dijadikan ketentuan yang bersifat mengikat di pengadilan-pengadilan Jerman, kecuali jika bertentangan dengan anggaran dasar praja.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burdick |first=William Livesey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRkMm73NCEUC&pg=PA19 |title=The Principles of Roman Law and Their Relation to Modern Law |date=2004 |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-5847-7253-8 |pages=19, 20 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> Pada praktiknya, hukum Romawi menjadi hukum asasi di seluruh negeri Jerman, menggeser banyak sekali hukum asli Jermani, meskipun hukum Jermani masih dipakai di pengadilan-pengadilan tingkat bawah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jfcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |title=Popular Sovereignty in Early Modern Constitutional Thought |date=19 February 2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1910-6244-5 |page=243 |language=en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thornhill |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JuU_MfVTbAC&pg=PA12 |title=German Political Philosophy: The Metaphysics of Law |date=24 January 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-1343-8280-4 |page=12 |language=en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haivry |first=Ofir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNvFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |title=John Selden and the Western Political Tradition |date=29 June 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1070-1134-2 |page=118 |language=en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mousourakis |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6tBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT435 |title=The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law |date=2 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3518-8840-0 |page=435 |language=en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> Selain demi mewujudkan niat untuk mencapai kesatuan hukum dan berbagai faktor lain, pemberlakuan hukum Romawi juga dilakukan demi menonjolkan kesinambungan Kekaisaran Romawi Suci dengan kemaharajaan bangsa Romawi tempo dulu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zoller |first=Élisabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1zfs2VcJs0C&pg=PA64 |title=Introduction to Public Law: A Comparative Study |date=2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-0041-6147-4 |page=64 |language=en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> Guna mewujudnyatakan keputusannya untuk merombak dan menyatukan tatanan hukum, Kaisar Maximilian kerap langsung turun tangan menuntaskan perkara-perkara hukum di tingkat praja, dengan melangkahi piagam-piagam maupun adat-istiadat praja. Sikap semacam itu tidak jarang menuai sindiran maupun kecaman dari dewan-dewan pemerintahan praja yang hendak menjaga kelanggengan undang-undang asli praja.{{Sfn|Hodnet|2018|pp=79–81}}<!--

ThePembaharuan legalhukum reform seriouslybenar-benar weakened the ancientmelemahkan [[Vehmicmahkamah courtVehm]] warisan masa lampau (''Vehmgericht'', oratau SecretMahkamah Tribunal ofRahasia [[WestphaliaWestfalen]], traditionallyyang heldturun-temurun todipercaya bedibentuk instituted byoleh [[CharlemagneKarel Agung]], tetapi butkeyakinan thistersebut theorydewasa isini nowsudah considereddiragukan unlikelykebenarannya<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spence |first=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDXYAAAAMAAJ |title=An Encyclopedia of Occultism |date=1993 |publisher=Kensington Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-0-8065-1401-7 |page=133 |language=en |access-date=12 DecemberDesember 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Palgrave |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U98aAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 |title=The Collected Historical Works of Sir Francis Palgrave, K.H. |date=5 December 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1076-2636-2 |pages=xiv,203, 204 |language=en |access-date=12 DecemberDesember 2021}}</ref>), althoughmeskipun itmahkamah wouldini notbaru bebenar-benar abolishedbubar completelypada untiltahun 1811 (whendihapuskan itatas was abolished under the order ofperintah [[Jérôme Bonaparte]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beccaria |first1=Cesare marchese di |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=surdzOtEZgQC&pg=PA133 |title=On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings |last2=Beccaria |first2=Cesare |last3=Stevenson |first3=Bryan |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-8990-8 |page=133 |language=en |access-date=12 DecemberDesember 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ripley |first1=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwIoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA43 |title=The New American Cyclopædia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge |last2=Dana |first2=Charles Anderson |date=1869 |publisher=D. Appleton |page=43 |language=en |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref>

=====National politicalBudaya politik kebangsaan culture=====

[[File:1512 Holy Roman Empire Germania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Personification of thePersonifikasi Reich assebagai [[Germania (personificationpersonifikasi)|GermaniaJermania]], byLukisan karya [[:de:Jörg Kölderer|Jörg Kölderer]], tahun 1512. The "GermanPerempuan womanJerman", wearing her hairdengan looserambut andterurai adan crownbermahkota, sittingbersemayam ondi theatas Imperialsinggasana thronekekaisaran, correspondskiasan bothcitra to the self-image ofdiri Maximilian I asselaku King of GermanyRaja andJerman themaupun formularumusan ''HolyKekaisaran RomanRomawi EmpireSuci ofBangsa the German NationJerman'' (omittingmeniadakan otherbangsa-bangsa nationslain). WhileMeskipun usuallypada depictedAbad duringPertengahan thebiasanya Middledigambarkan Agetunduk asdi subordinatebawah to both imperialkekuasaan powerkaisar anddan Italia oratau GalliaGalia, shekini nowia takesdiberi centraltempat stageyang inpaling Maximilian'sutama di dalam [[TriumphalPawai ProcessionKemenangan]] Maximilian, beingdiusung carrieddi in front ofdepan [[c:File:Roma in Maximilian'sTriumphal Procession.jpg|Roma]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Strieder |first=Peter |date=8 May 2017 |title=Zur Entstehungsgeschichte von Dürers Ehrenpforte für Kaiser Maximilian |url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/azgnm/article/view/38143/31806 |journal=Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums |pages=128–142 Seiten |doi=10.11588/azgnm.1954.0.38143 |access-date=7 FebruaryFebruari 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hirschi |first=Caspar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_v4iySQgnsC&pg=PA45 |title=The Origins of Nationalism: An Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany |date=8 December 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1395-0230-6 |page=45 |language=en |access-date=7 FebruaryFebruari 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brandt |first=Bettina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJLM607h6jsC&pg=PA37 |title=Germania und ihre Söhne: Repräsentationen von Nation, Geschlecht und Politik in der Moderne |date=2010 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=978-3-5253-6710-0 |page=37 |language=de |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref>]]<!--