Paleontologi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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=== Ilmu sejarah ===
[[File:Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG|jmpl|Persiapan fosil ''[[Europasaurus]] holgeri'']]
[[William Whewell]] (1794–1866) mengklasifikasikan paleontologi sebagai salah satu ilmu sejarah, bersamaan dengan [[arkeologi]], [[geologi]], [[astronomi]], [[kosmologi]], [[filologi]] dan sejarah itu sendiri:<ref>{{Cite book|author=Laudan, R.|date=1992|title=History and Evolution|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=0-7914-1211-3|editor=Nitecki, M.H.|page=58|chapter=What's so Special about the Past?|quote=To structure my discussion of the historical sciences, I shall borrow a way of analyzing them from the great Victorian philosopher of science, William Whewell [...]. [...] while his analysis of the historical sciences (or as Whewell termed them, the palaetiological sciences) will doubtless need to be modified, it provides a good starting point. Among them he numbered geology, paleontology, cosmogony, philology, and what we would term archaeology and history.|editor2=Nitecki, D.V.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kyLRtsvLS2AC&pg=PA55}}</ref> Paleontologi bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan fenomena di masa lalu untuk merekontruksi penyebab-penyebabnya.<ref name="Cleland2002MethodologicalAndEpistemicDifferences">{{Cite journal|author=Cleland, C.E.|author-link=Carol Cleland|date=September 2002|title=Methodological and Epistemic Differences between Historical Science and Experimental Science|url=http://spot.colorado.edu/~cleland/articles/Cleland.PS.Pdf|journal=Philosophy of Science|volume=69|issue=3|pages=474–96|doi=10.1086/342453|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003221929/http://spot.colorado.edu/~cleland/articles/Cleland.PS.Pdf|archive-date=October 3, 2008|access-date=September 17, 2008|url-status=dead|s2cid=224835750}}</ref> Oleh karena itu, ilmu
Sebuah pendekatan komplementer untuk mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan, yaitu [[Percobaan|sains percobaan]],<ref>{{cite web|date=October 25, 2019|title='Historical science' vs. 'experimental science'|url=https://ncse.ngo/creationism/analysis/historical-science-vs-experimental-science|publisher=National Center for Science Education|access-date=January 9, 2020|quote=Philosophers of science draw a distinction between research directed towards identifying laws and research which seeks to determine how particular historical events occurred. They do not claim, however, that the line between these sorts of science can be drawn neatly, and certainly do not agree that historical claims are any less empirically verifiable than other sorts of claims. [...] 'we can separate their two enterprises by distinguishing means from ends. The astronomer's problem is a historical one because the goal is to infer the properties of a particular object; the astronomer uses laws only as a means. Particle physics, on the other hand, is a nomothetic discipline because the goal is to infer general laws; descriptions of particular objects are only relevant as a means.'}}</ref> disebut-sebut{{by whom|date=January 2020}} bekerja dengan melaksanakan eksperimen untuk ''membantah'' hipotesis-hipotesis mengani cara kerja dan penyebab sebuah fenomena alami. Pendekatan ini tidak bisa membuktikan sebuah hipotesis, karena beberapa eksperimen yang dilakukan belakangan dapat membantahnya, namun penumpukan kegagalan untuk membantah biasanya dapat menjadi bukti kuat untuk mendukung suatu hipotesis yang lainnya. Namun, saat dihadapkan dengan fenomena yang sama sekali tidak terduga, seperti pada bukti pertama [[radiasi]] tak terlihat, ahli ilmu percobaan biasanya menggunakan pendekatan yang sama dengan ahli ilmu sejarah: membangun serangkaian hipotesis mengenai penyebab, lalu menjadi "tembakan berasap"nya.<ref name="Cleland2002MethodologicalAndEpistemicDifferences" />
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