Bahasa Sanskerta: Perbedaan antara revisi

|contoh_suara_n = Lantunan naskah dalam bahasa Sansekerta berjudul ''Guru Stotram'' atau dapat diterjemahkan sebagai "lantunan untuk menghormati sang guru". (4 menit 55  detik)

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Bahasa Sanskerta masih mempertahankan ciri-ciri bahasa Indo-Arya kuno.<ref name="Comrie2018-cardona-luraghi-22">{{cite book|last1=Cardona|first1=George|last2=Luraghi|first2=Silvia|year=2018|title=The World's Major Languages|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-29049-0|editor=Bernard Comrie|pages=497–|chapter=Sanskrit|quote=''Sanskrit'' (samskrita- 'adorned, purified') refers to several varieties of Old Indo-Aryan whose most archaic forms are found in Vedic texts: the ''Rigveda (Ṛgveda), Yajurveda, Sāmveda, Atharvaveda'', with various branches.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lR9WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT497}}</ref><ref name="Woolner1986p32">{{cite book|author=Alfred C. Woolner|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwE16UFBfdEC|title=Introduction to Prakrit|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0189-9|pages=3–4|quote=If in 'Sanskrit' we include the Vedic language and all dialects of the Old Indian period, then it is true to say that all the Prakrits are derived from Sanskrit. If on the other hand 'Sanskrit' is used more strictly of the Panini-Patanjali language or 'Classical Sanskrit,' then it is untrue to say that any Prakrit is derived from Sanskrit, except that Sauraseni, the Midland Prakrit, is derived from the Old Indian dialect of the Madhyadesa on which Classical Sanskrit was mainly based.}}</ref> Bentuk arkaisnya adalah [[bahasa Weda]] yang ditemukan dalam [[Regweda]], kumpulan 1.028 himne yang disusun oleh masyarakat suku Indo-Arya yang bermigrasi di wilayah yang kini Afganistan hingga Pakistan dan kemudian India Utara.<ref name="Lowe20152">{{cite book|last=Lowe|first=John J.|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L07CBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|title=Participles in Rigvedic Sanskrit: The syntax and semantics of adjectival verb forms|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100505-3|pages=1–2|quote=It consists of 1,028 hymns (suktas), highly crafted poetic compositions originally intended for recital during rituals and for the invocation of and communication with the Indo-Aryan gods. Modern scholarly opinion largely agrees that these hymns were composed between around 1500&nbsp;BCE and 1200&nbsp;BCE, during the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India.}}</ref><ref name="Mair2006-RVmigration2">{{cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|year=2006|title=Contact And Exchange in the Ancient World|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2884-4|editor=Victor H. Mair|pages=158–190, 160|chapter=Early Loan Words in Western Central Asia: Indicators of Substrate Populations, Migrations, and Trade Relations|quote=The Vedas were composed (roughly between 1500-1200 and 500 BCE) in parts of present-day Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northern India. The oldest text at our disposal is the ''Rgveda (RV)''; it is composed in archaic Indo-Aryan (Vedic Sanskrit).|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-OilJCX1moC&pg=PA160}}</ref> Bahasa Weda ini berakulturasi dengan bahasa kuno yang telah ada di anak benua India, menyerap kosakata yang berkaitan dengan nama-nama hewan dan tumbuhan; dan tambahannya, [[Rumpun bahasa Dravida|rumpun bahasa Dravida kuno]] memengaruhi fonologi dan sintaksis Sanskerta.<ref name="Shulman20162">{{cite book|last=Shulman|first=David|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fG8NDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|title=Tamil|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-97465-4|pages=17–19|quote=(p. 17) Similarly, we find a large number of other items relating to flora and fauna, grains, pulses, and spices—that is, words that we might expect to have made their way into Sanskrit from the linguistic environment of prehistoric or early-historic India. ... (p. 18) Dravidian certainly influenced Sanskrit phonology and syntax from early on ... (p 19) Vedic Sanskrit was in contact, from very ancient times, with speakers of Dravidian languages, and that the two language families profoundly influenced one another.}}</ref> "Sanskerta" dapat juga merujuk pada [[Bahasa Sanskerta#Bahasa Sanskerta Klasik|bahasa Sanskerta klasik]] yang tata bahasanya dibakukan pada pertengahan milenium pertama SM secara sangat lengkap,{{efn|Meski semua capaian itu dikerdilkan oleh tradisi linguistik Sanskerta yang berpuncak pada tata bahasa terkenal dari Panini, yang berjudul Astadhyayi. Keanggunan dan kelengkapan arsitektur (tata bahasanya) belum bisa dilampaui oleh bahasa manapun, dan metode cerdasnya dalam mengelompokkan pemakaian dan penyebutannya, bahasa dan metabahasanya, dan teorema dan metateoremanya, mengungguli penemuan-penemuan penting dalam filsafat Barat selama beribu-ribu tahun.<ref name=Evans-2009>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Evans (linguist) |title=Dying Words: Endangered languages and what they have to tell us |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-631-23305-3 |pages=27– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjXnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27}}</ref>}} yang termuat dalam kitab ''[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]'' ("Delapan Bab") karya [[Pāṇini]].<ref name="Evans-20092" /> Pujangga dan dramawan besar [[Kalidasa]] menulis menggunakan bahasa Sanskerta klasik, dan dasar-dasar aritmetika klasik pertama kalinya dideskripsikan dalam bahasa Sanskerta klasik.{{efn|Tradisi gramatikal Sanskerta juga merupakan asal-usul ditemukannya angka "nol", yang begitu diadopsi sebagai sistem angka Arab, memungkinkan kita untuk melampaui notasi rumit aritmetika Romawi.<ref name=Evans-2009/>}}<ref name="GlickLivesey20142">{{cite book|author=Glenn Van Brummelen|year=2014|title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45932-1|editor=Thomas F. Glick|pages=46–48|chapter=Arithmetic|quote=The story of the growth of arithmetic from the ancient inheritance to the wealth passed on to the Renaissance is dramatic and passes through several cultures. The most groundbreaking achievement was the evolution of a positional number system, in which the position of a digit within a number determines its value according to powers (usually) of ten (e.g., in 3,285, the "2" refers to hundreds). Its extension to include decimal fractions and the procedures that were made possible by its adoption transformed the abilities of all who calculated, with an effect comparable to the modern invention of the electronic computer. Roughly speaking, this began in India, was transmitted to Islam, and then to the Latin West.|editor2=Steven Livesey|editor3=Faith Wallis|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46}}</ref> Dua wiracarita besar ''[[Mahabharata]]'' dan ''[[Ramayana]]'', disusun menggunakan [[Itihasa|gaya bahasa cerita lisan]] yang digunakan di India Utara antara 400 SM dan 300 SM, dan kira-kira sezaman dengan bahasa Sanskerta klasik.<ref name="Lowe2017-epic2">{{cite book|last=Lowe|first=John J.|year=2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSgmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|title=Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-879357-1|page=58|quote=The term ‘Epic Sanskrit’ refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.}}</ref> Pada abad-abad berikutnya bahasa Sanskerta mulai terikat tradisi, berhenti dipelajari sebagai bahasa ibu, dan akhirnya berhenti berkembang sebagai bahasa yang hidup.<ref name="Lowe20172">{{cite book|last=Lowe|first=John J.|year=2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSgmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|title=Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-879357-1|page=53|quote=The desire to preserve understanding and knowledge of Sanskrit in the face of ongoing linguistic change drove the development of an indigenous grammatical tradition, which culminated in the composition of the Astadhyayi, attributed to the grammarian Panini, no later than the early fourth century BCE. In subsequent centuries, Sanskrit ceased to be learnt as a native language, and eventually ceased to develop as living languages do, becoming increasingly fixed according to the prescriptions of the grammatical tradition.}}</ref>