Noretisteron: Perbedaan antara revisi

Karena aktivitas progestogeniknya, norethisteronenoretisteron menekan sumbu hipotalamus-hipofisis-gonad (sumbu HPG) dan karenanya memiliki efek antigonadotropik.<ref name="pmid16112947" /><ref name="Kuhl2011" /> Aktivitas estrogenik norethisteronenoretisteron pada dosis tinggi juga diharapkan berkontribusi terhadap efek antigonadotropiknya.<ref name="pmid12466187">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson RA, Baird DT | title = Male contraception | journal = Endocrine Reviews | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 735–62 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12466187 | doi = 10.1210/er.2002-0002 | url = http://www.hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Anderson%2002%20Male%20Contraception%20ER.pdf | doi-access = free | access-date = 11 December 2019 | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828191401/https://www.hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Anderson%2002%20Male%20Contraception%20ER.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Karena efek antigonadotropiknya, norethisteronenoretisteron menekan produksi hormon seks [[gonad]], menghambat ovulasi pada wanita, dan menekan [[spermatogenesis]] pada pria.<ref name="pmid16112947" /><ref name="Kuhl2011" /><ref name="KamischkeNieschlag2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamischke A, Nieschlag E | title = Progress towards hormonal male contraception | journal = Trends in Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–57 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14723979 | doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2003.11.009}}</ref>

Dosis norethisteronenoretisteron oral dan NETA oral yang menghambat ovulasi adalah sekitar 0,5 mg/hari pada wanita.<ref name="pmid16112947" /><ref name="Rudel1968">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rudel HW | title = Pharmacology of oral contraceptives | journal = Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 632–44 | date = September 1968 | pmid = 4878826 | doi = 10.1097/00003081-196811030-00002 }}</ref><ref name="pmid14667980">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stanczyk FZ | title = All progestins are not created equal | journal = Steroids | volume = 68 | issue = 10–13 | pages = 879–90 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14667980 | doi = 10.1016/j.steroids.2003.08.003 | s2cid = 44601264 }}</ref> Namun, ada beberapa data yang bertentangan, yang menunjukkan bahwa dosis yang lebih tinggi mungkin diperlukan untuk menghambat ovulasi sepenuhnya.<ref name="pmid22078182">{{cite journal | vauthors = Endrikat J, Gerlinger C, Richard S, Rosenbaum P, Düsterberg B | title = Ovulation inhibition doses of progestins: a systematic review of the available literature and of marketed preparations worldwide | journal = Contraception | volume = 84 | issue = 6 | pages = 549–57 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22078182 | doi = 10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.009}}</ref> Suntikan NETE 200 mg intramuskular telah terbukti mencegah ovulasi dan menekan kadar [[estradiol]], progesteron, [[hormon luteinizingpelutein]] (LH), dan [[hormon perangsang folikel]] (FSH) pada wanita.<ref name="Shoupe1993">{{cite book| vauthors = Shoupe D | title=Contraception| chapter=Injectable Contraceptives and Contraceptive Vaginal Rings| series=Clinical Perspectives in Obstetrics and Gynecology|year=1993|pages=144–157| publisher=Springer|issn=0178-0328|doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-2730-4_13|isbn=978-1-4612-7645-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid1122756">{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiner E, Johansson ED | title = Plasma levels of norethindrone after i.m. injection of 200 mg norethindrone enanthate | journal = Contraception | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 419–25 | date = April 1975 | pmid = 1122756 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(75)90004-9 }}</ref><ref name="pmid606499">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fotherby K, Howard G, Shrimanker K, Elder M, Bye PG | title = Effect of norethisterone oenanthate on serum gonadotrophin levels | journal = Contraception | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 591–604 | date = December 1977 | pmid = 606499 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(77)90060-9 }}</ref><ref name="pmid572279">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goebelsmann U, Stanczyk FZ, Brenner PF, Goebelsmann AE, Gentzschein EK, Mishell DR | title = Serum norethindrone (NET) concentrations following intramuscular NET enanthate injection. Effect upon serum LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone | journal = Contraception | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 283–313 | date = March 1979 | pmid = 572279 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(79)90022-2 }}</ref>

Studi awal tentang norethisteronenoretisteron oral pada pria yang menggunakan dosis 20 hingga 50 mg/hari mengamati penekanan [[ekskresi]] 17-ketosteroid, peningkatan ekskresi estrogen (karena konversi menjadi etinilestradiol),; penekanan spermatogenesis, [[libido]], dan fungsi [[ereksi,]]; dan kejadian [[ginekomastia]].<ref name="pmid793446" /><ref name="pmid13583821">{{cite journal | vauthors = Heller CG, Laidlaw WM, Harvey HT, Nelson WO | title = Effects of progestational compounds on the reproductive processes of the human male | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 71 | issue = 5 | pages = 649–65 | date = July 1958 | pmid = 13583821 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb54641.x | s2cid = 32637425 }}</ref><ref name="pmid14400846">{{cite journal | vauthors = Heller CG, Moore DJ, Paulsen CA, Nelson WO, Laidlaw WM | title = Effects of progesterone and synthetic progestins on the reproductive physiology of normal men | journal = Federation Proceedings | volume = 18 | pages = 1057–65 | date = December 1959 | pmid = 14400846 | url = https://www.popline.org/node/472874 | access-date = 11 December 2019 | archive-date = 18 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193350/https://www.popline.org/node/472874 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="pmid13942007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulsen CA, Leach RB, Lanman J, Goldston N, Maddock WO, Heller CG | title = Inherent estrogenicity of norethindrone and norethynodrel: comparison with other synthetic progestins and progesterone | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 22 | issue = 10 | pages = 1033–9 | date = October 1962 | pmid = 13942007 | doi = 10.1210/jcem-22-10-1033 }}</ref><ref name="pmid14261416">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulsen CA | title = Progestin Metabolism: Special Reference to Estrogenic Pathways | journal = Metabolism | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = SUPPL:313–9 | date = March 1965 | pmid = 14261416 | doi = 10.1016/0026-0495(65)90018-1 }}</ref> Dosis norethisteronenoretisteron oral 25 mg/hari selama 3 minggu pada pria telah dilaporkan menekan kadar testosteron sekitar 70%, hingga 100 hingga 200 ng/dL, dalam waktu 4 atau 5 hari, serta menekan jumlah sperma dan mengurangi jumlah sperma. tidak berpengaruh pada libido atau fungsi ereksi dalam jangka waktu singkat ini.<ref name="MougdalSuresh1995">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moudgal NR, Suresh R | title = Some thoughts on development of chemically based male contraceptives | journal = Current Science (Bangalore) | year = 1995 | volume = 68 | issue = 4 | pages = 470–474 | issn = 0011-3891 | url = https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_068_04_0470_0474_0.pdf | access-date = 11 December 2019 | archive-date = 11 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191211133812/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_068_04_0470_0474_0.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="JohonssonNygren1973">{{cite journal| vauthors = Johonsson ED, Nygren KG |title=Depression of plasma testosterone levels in men with norethindrone|journal=Contraception|volume=8|issue=3|year=1973|pages=219–226|issn=0010-7824|doi=10.1016/0010-7824(73)90032-2}}</ref> Pada pria muda yang sehat, NETA saja dengan dosis 5 hingga 10 mg/hari secara oral selama 2 minggu menekan kadar testosteron dari ~527 ng/dL hingga ~231 ng/dL (–56%).<ref name="pmid28189123">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zitzmann M, Rohayem J, Raidt J, Kliesch S, Kumar N, Sitruk-Ware R, Nieschlag E | title = Impact of various progestins with or without transdermal testosterone on gonadotropin levels for non-invasive hormonal male contraception: a randomized clinical trial | journal = Andrology | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 516–526 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28189123 | doi = 10.1111/andr.12328 | s2cid = 41502711 | doi-access = free }}</ref>