Krisis Timor Timur 1999: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Baris 1:
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Krisis Timor Timur 1999
| partof = [[Dekolonisasi Asia]], [[Pendudukan Indonesia di Timor Timur]] dan [[Kejatuhan Soeharto|Kejatuhan Suharto]]
| campaign =
| image = Destroyed houses 19.jpg
| image_size = 350px
| caption = Rumah-rumah yang hancur di [[Dili]].
| date = April 1999 – 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/programmes-and-initiatives/international-service-group-isg/past-isg-deployments|title=Past ISG deployments|website=New Zealand Police}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/indonesia.theeditorpressreview|title=The Editor briefing|author=Guardian Staff|date=31 Juli 2005|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
| place = [[Timor Leste]]
| territory =
| status = Kemenangan taktis Timor Timur
* Kekalahan milisi pro-Indonesia
* Stabilisasi Timor Timur
Baris 20:
Kemenangan strategis milisi pro-Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/timor-leste-dancing-to-indonesias-tune-despite-20-years-of-independence/86000|title=Timor-Leste dancing to Indonesia's tune despite 20 years of independence - UCA News|website=ucanews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-ir.info/2012/04/06/failed-humanitarian-intervention-in-east-timor/|title=Failed Humanitarian Intervention in East Timor|date=6 April 2012}}</ref>
* 80% infrastruktur Timor Timur hancur akibat [[Operasi Bumi Hangus Timor Timur|Operasi Bumi Hangus]]
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Timor Leste}}<br>[[File:INTERFET Logo.jpg|21px]] [[Pasukan Internasional untuk Timor Timur|INTERFET]]<br>[[File:UNTAET logo.png|21px]] [[Administrasi Sementara PBB di Timor Timur|UNTAET]]
<br />
{{Collapsible list
Baris 87:
| {{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}&nbsp;
}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Milisi pro-Indonesia di Timor Leste|Milisi pro-Indonesia]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Geoffrey|title=People's war: militias in East Timor and Indonesia|url=https://history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/u184/robinson/gr_-_peoples_war_.pdf|journal=South East Asia Research|year=2001|volume=9|issue=3|pages=271–318|doi=10.5367/000000001101297414|s2cid=29365341}}</ref>
| combatant2 =
{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Milisi pro-Indonesia di Timor Leste|Milisi pro-Indonesia]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Geoffrey|title=People's war: militias in East Timor and Indonesia|url=https://history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/u184/robinson/gr_-_peoples_war_.pdf|journal=South East Asia Research|year=2001|volume=9|issue=3|pages=271–318|doi=10.5367/000000001101297414|s2cid=29365341}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of AITARAK.svg}} [[Aitarak]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Besi Merah Putih.svg}} [[Besi Merah Putih]]
* [[Garda Muda Penegak Integrasi]]
* [[Laksaur]]
* {{flagicon image|Mahidi Symbol.svg}} [[Mahidi]]
'''Didukung oleh:'''
*[[File:Lambang Kopassus.svg|25px]] [[Komando Pasukan Khusus|Kopassus]] (dugaan)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Indonesian State Intelligence Agency.png}} [[Badan Intelijen Negara Republik Indonesia|BIN]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/indonesia-bugged-australia-20041115-gdyzv0.html|title=Indonesia 'bugged' Australia|date=15 November 2004|website=The Age}}</ref>
*Lobi Jakarta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/security-general/the-collins-allegations/|title=The Collins allegations &#124; Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability|date=19 Desember 2011|website=nautilus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1088231.htm|title=PM - A look behind the 'Jakarta Lobby'|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1086652.htm|title=PM - Intelligence analyst blasts the DIO|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref>
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[John Howard]]
*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Peter Cosgrove]]
Baris 107 ⟶ 106:
*{{flagicon|Portugal}} Brigjen. Paulo Pereira Guerreiro {{KIA}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2002/09/44572-east-timor-mourns-death-un-peacekeeping-forces-top-military-observer|title=East Timor mourns death of UN peacekeeping force's top military observer|date=9 September 2002|website=UN News}}</ref>
}}
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Wiranto]]<br /> {{flagdeco|Indonesia}}{{flagicon image|Flag of AITARAK.svg}} [[Eurico Guterres]] <br /> {{flagdeco|Indonesia}} Manuel de Sousa <br/>{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Olivio Mendonca Moruk]] {{KIA}} <br/> {{flagdeco|Indonesia}} Câncio Lopez de Carvalho {{surrendered}} <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2001/10/31/projakarta-militia-group-returns-home-to-east-timor&post_id=19470 |title= PRO-JAKARTA MILITIA GROUP RETURNS HOME TO EAST TIMOR |date=30 October 2001 |publisher=UCA news|access-date=28 January 2023 }}</ref>
| casualties1 = {{Collapsible list
|title=Daftar lengkap:
|bullets=on
Baris 133 ⟶ 132:
*Total: 64 tewas
*49 staf PBB dan LSM yang ditangkap kemudian dibebaskan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/122568724/the-untold-story-of-the-daring-nz-sas-mission-to-rescue-un-personnel-in-west-timor|title=The untold story of the daring NZ SAS mission to rescue UN personnel in West Timor|date=5 September 2020|website=Stuff}}</ref>}}
| casualties2 = {{Collapsible list
|title=Daftar lengkap:
|bullets=on
|15–19 tewas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/currents/d00275/|title=Japan Self-Defense Forces Participation in UN Peacekeeping: An Idea Whose Time is Past|date=5 Desember 2016|website=nippon.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.etan.org/et2005/november/07/10files.htm|title=Files reveal East Timor clashes|website=www.etan.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/documents-link-nz-forces-with-aussie-torture-probe/6SBFIMWEXPO4MR2J3HNU3OUV7I/|title=Documents link NZ forces with Aussie torture probe|website=NZ Herald}}</ref><br>
301+ ditangkap<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5n-fTmJTBIC&q=portuguese+soldier+operation+cobra&pg=PA70|title = Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence|isbn = 9781588261427|last1 = Alcott|first1 = Louisa May|last2 = Smith|first2 = Michael Geoffrey|last3 = Dee|first3 = Moreen|year = 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/ASIANOW/southeast/9909/28/e.timor.02/|title=ASIANOW - Peacekeepers capture suspected elite forces in East Timor - September 28, 1999|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref>}}
| casualties3 = 1.400 warga sipil tewas<br>220.000+ pengungsi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2020/9/5f59f0174/remembering-unhcr-colleagues-killed-in-atambua-west-timor-twenty-years.html |title=Remembering UNHCR colleagues killed in Atambua, West Timor, twenty years on |publisher= UNHCR |date=10 September 2020 |access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>3 staf UNHCR tewas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2000/9/3ae6b81733/unhcr-confirms-three-staff-killed-west-timor-attack.html |title=UNHCR confirms three staff killed in West Timor attack |date=6 September 2000 |publisher=UNHCR |access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>2 jurnalis tewas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cpj.org/2000/03/attacks-on-the-press-1999-east-timor-formerly-indo/ |title=Attacks on the Press 1999: East Timor |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |date= 22 Maret 2000|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>1 tentara Indonesia tewas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/nz-peacekeepers-kill-indonesian-soldier/Z2KOVXHV7QRQJKGOKODFE7W5OI/|title=NZ peacekeepers kill Indonesian soldier|website=NZ Herald}}</ref><br>1 polisi indonesia tewas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/interfet-fires-at-indonesian-police-near-frontier-post-1.237208?mode=amp|title=Interfet fires at Indonesian police near frontier post|website=www.irishtimes.com}}</ref>
| strength1 = 11,000 militer dan polisi<ref>{{cite web | url=https://etan.org/et99c/october/24-31/25unsc.htm | title=UNSC Authorizes UN Troops for East Timor }}</ref>
| strength2 = 13,000 milisi pro-Indonesia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/911810/former-east-timor-pro-integration-militias-demand-compensation |title=Former East Timor Pro-Integration Militias Demand Compensation |date=27 September 2017 |publisher= Tempco.co |access-date=12 November 2020 }}</ref>
}}