Belut listrik: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Pada tahun 2019, C. David de Santana dan rekan-rekannya membagi ''E. electricus'' menjadi tiga spesies berdasarkan perbedaan DNA, ekologi dan habitat, anatomi dan fisiologi, serta kemampuan listrik. Tiga spesies tersebut adalah ''[[Electrophorus electricus|E. electricus]]'' (sekarang dalam arti yang lebih sempit daripada sebelumnya), dan dua spesies baru ''[[Electrophorus voltai|E. voltai]]'' dan ''[[Electrophorus varii|E. varii]]''.<ref name="de Santana 2019" />
=== Filogeni ===
Belut listrik membentuk [[clade]] ikan yang sangat [[Electric fish|listrik]] dalam ordo [[Gymnotiformes]], yaitu ikan pisau dari Amerika Selatan.<ref name="de Santana 2019" /> Belut listrik tidak berkerabat dekat dengan belut sejati ([[Anguilliformes]]).<ref>{{cite web|last=Matthews|first=Robert|title=How do electric eels generate voltage?|url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/how-do-electric-eels-generate-voltage/|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=17 September 2022}}</ref> Garis keturunan genus ''Electrophorus'' diperkirakan terpisah dari [[Sister group|takson saudaranya]] ''[[Gymnotus]]'' pada suatu waktu di [[Cretaceous]].<ref name="Lavoué Miya Arnegard 2012"/> Sebagian besar ikan pisau bersifat lemah listrik, mampu melakukan [[Electrolocation|elektrolokasi]] aktif tetapi tidak mampu memberikan kejutan listrik.{{sfn|Bullock|Bodznick|Northcutt|1983|p=37}} Hubungan mereka, seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam kladogram, dianalisis dengan mengurutkan [[Mitochondrial DNA|DNA mitokondria]] mereka pada tahun 2019.<ref name="Elbassiouny Schott Waddell 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Elbassiouny|first1=Ahmed A.|last2=Schott|first2=Ryan K.|last3=Waddell|first3=Joseph C.|last4=Kolmann|first4=Matthew A.|last5=Lehmberg|first5=Emma S.|last6=Van Nynatten|first6=Alexander|last7=Crampton|first7=William G. R.|last8=Chang|first8=Belinda S. W.|last9=Lovejoy|first9=Nathan R.|display-authors=3|date=1 January 2016|title=Mitochondrial genomes of the South American electric knifefishes (Order Gymnotiformes)|journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part B|volume=1|issue=1|pages=401–403|doi=10.1080/23802359.2016.1174090|pmc=7799549|pmid=33473497}}</ref><ref name="Alda Tagliacollo Bernt 2018">{{cite journal|last1=Alda|first1=Fernando|last2=Tagliacollo|first2=Victor A.|last3=Bernt|first3=Maxwell J.|last4=Waltz|first4=Brandon T.|last5=Ludt|first5=William B.|last6=Faircloth|first6=Brant C.|last7=Alfaro|first7=Michael E.|last8=Albert|first8=James S.|last9=Chakrabarty|first9=Prosanta|date=6 December 2018|title=Resolving Deep Nodes in an Ancient Radiation of Neotropical Fishes in the Presence of Conflicting Signals from Incomplete Lineage Sorting|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=68|issue=4|pages=573–593|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syy085|pmid=30521024}}</ref> Ikan yang melakukan elektrolokasi aktif ditandai dengan kilat kuning kecil [[Berkas:Farm-Fresh_lightning.png|al=symbol for electrolocating fish|13x13px]]. Ikan yang mampu memberikan kejutan listrik ditandai dengan kilat merah [[Berkas:Lightning_Symbol.svg|al=symbol for strongly electric fish|27x27px]].<ref name="Lavoué Miya Arnegard 2012" /><ref name="Bullock Bodznick Northcutt 1983">{{cite journal|last1=Bullock|first1=Theodore H.|last2=Bodznick|first2=D. A.|last3=Northcutt|first3=R. G.|date=1983|title=The phylogenetic distribution of electroreception: Evidence for convergent evolution of a primitive vertebrate sense modality|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25137/1/0000573.pdf|journal=Brain Research Reviews|volume=6|issue=1|pages=25–46|doi=10.1016/0165-0173(83)90003-6|pmid=6616267|author1-link=Theodore Holmes Bullock|hdl=2027.42/25137|s2cid=15603518|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Lavoué Miya 2012">{{cite journal|last1=Lavoué|first1=Sébastien|last2=Miya|first2=Masaki|last3=Arnegard|first3=Matthew E.|last4=Sullivan|first4=John P.|last5=Hopkins|first5=Carl D.|last6=Nishida|first6=Mutsumi|date=14 May 2012|title=Comparable Ages for the Independent Origins of Electrogenesis in African and South American Weakly Electric Fishes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=5|page=e36287|bibcode=2012PLoSO...736287L|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036287|pmc=3351409|pmid=22606250|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{clade|{{clade
|1=[[Siluriformes]](ikan lele) (''beberapa'' [[File:Farm-Fresh lightning.png|15px|alt=simbol untuk ikan yang melakukan elektrolokasi]]) [[File:Lightning Symbol.svg|12px|alt=symbol for strongly electric fish]]) [[File:FMIB 51852 Electric Catfish, Torpedo electricus (Gmelin) Congo River.jpeg|120px|alt=image of catfish]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Gymnotiformes]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Apteronotidae]] (ikan pisau hantu) [[File:Farm-Fresh lightning.png|15px|alt=symbol for electrolocating fish]] [[File:Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus.jpg|140px|alt=image of ghost knifefish]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=<!--[[Rhamphichthyoidea]]-->
|1={{clade
|1=[[Hypopomidae]] (bluntnose knifefishes) [[File:Farm-Fresh lightning.png|15px|alt=symbol for electrolocating fish]] [[File:Hypopomidae Steatogenys elgans (cropped).jpg|140px|alt=image of bluntnose knifefish]]
|2=[[Rhamphichthyidae]] (sand knifefishes) [[File:Farm-Fresh lightning.png|15px|alt=symbol for electrolocating fish]] [[File:Rhamphichthys marmoratus.jpg|100px|alt=image of sand knifefish]]
}}
|label2=[[Gymnotidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gymnotus]]'' ([https://xosonhanhmienbac.com xổ số nhanh miền bắc]) [[File:Farm-Fresh lightning.png|15px|alt=symbol for electrolocating fish]] [[File:Gymnotus sp.jpg|120px|alt=image of banded knifefish]]
|2='''''Electrophorus'' (belimbing listrik)''' [[File:Farm-Fresh lightning.png|15px|alt=symbol for electrolocating fish]] [[File:Lightning Symbol.svg|12px|alt=symbol for strongly electric fish]] [[File:Lateral view of Electrophorus electricus.png|160px|alt=image of electric eel]]
}}
}}
|2=[[Sternopygidae]] (ikan pisau kaca) [[File:Farm-Fresh lightning.png|15px|alt=symbol for electrolocating fish]] [[File:Sternopygidae Eigenmannia sp (white background).jpg|120px|alt=image of glass knifefish]]
}}
}}
|label2=[[Characiformes]]
|2=([[piranha]]s, [[tetra]]s, dan sekutunya) [[File:Exodon paradoxus Castelnau.jpg|80px|alt=image of non-electric fish]]
}}
}}|label1=[[Otophysi]]}}
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
* {{Commons category inline|Electrophorus|''Electrophorus''}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q18926800}}
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