Filsafat: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Filsafat''', '''falsafah''', atau '''filosofi''' (berakar dari kata [[bahasa Yunani|Yunani]] {{lang|grc|φιλοσοφία}}, ''filosofia'', arti "cinta akan hikmat"<ref name="biblehub.com">{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/greek/5385.htm|title=Strong's Greek: 5385. φιλοσοφία (filosofia) -- cinta atau gemar akan hikmat|website=biblehub.com|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-date=2017-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123110924/http://biblehub.com/greek/5385.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="oed.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/142505?rskey=WbBDMG&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|work=oed.com|access-date=2018-01-17|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071254/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/142505?rskey=WbBDMG&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid|dead-url=no}} ''(tidak lagi berfungsi)''</ref> ) adalah [[metodologi]] yang mengkaji pertanyaan-pertanyaan umum dan asasi, misalnya pertanyaan-pertanyaan tentang [[keberadaan|eksistensi]], [[akal|penalaran]], [[etika|nilai-nilai luhur]], [[filsafat budi|akal budi]], dan [[bahasa]].<ref>{{en}} [[A.C. Grayling]], ''Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject'' (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."</ref> Istilah ini kemungkinan pertama kali diungkapkan oleh [[Pythagoras]] (c. 570– 495SM). [[Metode filsafat|Metode]] yang digunakan dalam filsafat antara lain [[Pertanyaan Sokratik|mengajukan pertanyaan]], [[Metode Sokratik|diskusi kritikal]], [[dialektik]], dan presentasi sistematik.<ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Think About the Great Ideas: From the Great Books of Western Civilization|last=Adler|first=Mortimer J.|date=28 March 2000|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Pv3BHyktJWkC}}|publisher=Open Court|isbn=978-0-8126-9412-3|location=Chicago, Ill.}}</ref><ref name="justification"/> Orang yang mempelajari ilmu filsafat disebut "filsuf" atau "filosof", sementara sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan konsep filsafat disebut "filosofis", "filsafati", atau "falsafi".
Secara historis, filsafat mencakup inti dari segala pengetahuan.<ref name="auto23">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=philosophy|title=Philosophy|date=|website=www.etymonline.com|publisher=Online Etymological Dictionary|access-date=19 March 2016|quote=The English word "philosophy" is first attested to c. 1300, meaning "knowledge, body of knowledge."|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|archive-date=2017-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128183843/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=philosophy|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dari zaman filsuf Yunani Kuno seperti [[Aristoteles]] hingga abad ke-19, [[filsafat alam]] melingkupi [[astronomi]], [[kedokteran]], dan [[fisika]].{{sfn|Lindberg|2007|p=3}} Sebagai contoh, pertanyaan filosofis klasik antara lain: "Apakah memungkinkan untuk [[Pyrrhonism|mengetahui segala sesuatu]] dan membuktikannya?<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism|date=1 October 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983680-2|editor-last=Greco|editor-first=John|edition=1st|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Ozv0lftrUeEC}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Thinking Things Through: An Introduction to Philosophical Issues and Achievements|last=Glymour|first=Clark|date=10 April 2015|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=G4lLCAAAQBAJ}}|publisher=A Bradford Book|isbn=978-0-262-52720-0|edition=2nd|chapter=Chapters 1–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/skepcont/|title=Contemporary Skepticism {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=2023-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601093526/https://iep.utm.edu/skepcont/|dead-url=no}}</ref>" "Apa yang [[Absolut (filsafat)|paling nyata]]?" Para filsuf juga mengajukan pertanyaan yang lebih praktis dan konkret seperti: "Apakah ada cara terbaik untuk hidup?" "Apakah lebih baik menjadi [[Peradilan|adil atau tidak adil]] (jika seseorang bisa lolos begitu saja)?<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html|title=The Internet Classics Archive {{!}} The Republic by Plato|website=classics.mit.edu|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=2011-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411054817/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>" "Apakah manusia memiliki [[kehendak bebas]]?<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/freewill/|title=Free Will {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=2015-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601053110/http://www.iep.utm.edu/freewill/|dead-url=no}}</ref>" Contoh lainnya, ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Prinsip Matematika Filosofi Alam]]'' karya [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] pada tahun 1687 di kemudian hari diklasifikasikan sebagai buku fisika. Pada abad ke-19, perkembangan [[University|riset universitas]] modern mengantarkan filsafat akademik dan disiplin lain [[Filsafat kotemporer|terprofesionalisasi]] dan terspesialisasi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Scientific Revolution|last=Shapin|first=Steven|date=1 January 1998|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=6BIr19MTXAMC}}|publisher=University Of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-75021-7|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/11/when-philosophy-lost-its-way/?_r=0|title=When Philosophy Lost Its Way|last=Briggle|first=Robert Frodeman and Adam|website=Opinionator|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=2020-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305103353/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/11/when-philosophy-lost-its-way/?_r=0|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada era modern, beberapa investigasi
Investigasi lain yang terkait erat dengan seni, sains, politik, dan beberapa bidang lainnya tetap menjadi bagian dari filsafat. Misalnya, apakah [[keindahan]] objektif atau subjektif?<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/beauty/|title=Beauty|last=Sartwell|first=Crispin|date=1 January 2014|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Spring 2014|access-date=2018-01-17|archive-date=2022-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226173110/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/beauty/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plato_philosopher-greater_hippias/1926/pb_LCL167.335.xml|title=Plato, Hippias Major {{!}} Loeb Classical Library|website=Loeb Classical Library|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=2019-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710190727/https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plato_philosopher-greater_hippias/1926/pb_LCL167.335.xml|dead-url=no}}</ref> Apakah ada banyak [[metode ilmiah]] ataukah hanya ada satu?<ref>{{Cite book|title=Against Method|last=Feyerabend|first=Paul|last2=Hacking|first2=Ian|date=11 May 2010|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8y-FVtrKeSYC}}|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-84467-442-8|edition=4th}}</ref> Apakah [[utopia]] politik merupakan mimpi yang penuh harapan atau hanya delusi yang sia-sia?<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/noz-poli/#SH3i|title=Nozick, Robert: Political Philosophy {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=2022-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623153436/http://www.iep.utm.edu/noz-poli/#SH3i|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/rawls/#H2|title=Rawls, John {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=2012-02-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229195504/http://www.iep.utm.edu/rawls/#H2|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Utopia|last=More|first=Thomas|date=8 May 2015|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=EZajAQAAQBAJ}}|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-11070-7|language=English}}</ref> Sub-bidang utama filsafat akademik diantaranya [[metafisika]] (berkaitan dengan sifat dasar realitas dan keberadaan),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metaphysics|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|website=www.merriam-webster.com|access-date=14 May 2016|archive-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508023629/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metaphysics|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[epistemologi]] (tentang "asal-muasal dan bidang pengetahuan [serta] ... Batas dan keabsahannya" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epistemology|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|website=www.merriam-webster.com|access-date=14 May 2016|archive-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508005525/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epistemology|dead-url=no}}</ref>), [[etika]], [[estetika]], [[filsafat politik]], [[logika]], [[filsafat ilmu]], dan sejarah filsafat barat.
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