Gangguan kecemasan sosial: Perbedaan antara revisi

| frequency = 7.1% per tahun<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/social-anxiety-disorder|website=National Institue of Mental Health|title=Social Anxiety Disorder|language=en|access-date=2 Juli 2022|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721123946/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/social-anxiety-disorder|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Gangguan kecemasan sosial, kadang kala disebut sebagai antropofobia, yang berarti "takut pada orang banyak".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-02|title=Anthropophobia: Test, Treatment, and More|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/anthropophobia|website=Healthline|language=en|access-date=23 Maret 2022|archive-date=2023-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601054654/https://www.healthline.com/health/anthropophobia|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Marks|first=Isaac|date=1987-04-30|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=nKLg3MFgBGgC&pg=PA367&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Fears, Phobias and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802099-8|pages=367|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2023-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172207/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=nKLg3MFgBGgC&pg=PA367&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref> Istilah tersebut berawal dari {{lang-gr|άνθρωπος}}, ''ánthropos''<ref>{{Cite web|title=άνθρωπος|url=https://www.duolingo.com/dictionary/Greek/%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82/6cad4f1d999e8dbdd35069bea85aeb44|website=Duolingo|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2023-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172211/https://www.duolingo.com/|dead-url=no}}</ref> yang artinya "[[manusia]]" dan φόβος, ''phóbos'' yang artinya "[[ketakutan]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=What does φόβος mean in Greek?|url=https://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/the-meaning-of/greek-word-558602f15ba120294af1e0266e38dd5478858615.html|website=WordHippo|language=en|access-date=23 Maret 2022|archive-date=2022-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703231511/https://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/the-meaning-of/greek-word-558602f15ba120294af1e0266e38dd5478858615.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Gangguan kecemasan sosial juga disebut sering disebut fobia hubungan intrapersonal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tseng|first=Wen-Shing|date=6 Juni 2001|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Lx7Q_lyhxLQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-052562-4|pages=238-239|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2023-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172217/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Lx7Q_lyhxLQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sedangkan dalam [[kebudayaan Jepang]], gangguan ini dikenal sebagai ''[[taijin kyofusho]]'' (対人恐怖症),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Essau|first=Cecilia A.|last2=Sasagawa|first2=Satoko|last3=Ishikawa|first3=Shin-ichi|last4=Okajima|first4=Isa|last5=O'Callaghan|first5=Jean|last6=Bray|first6=Diane|date=2012-11|title=A Japanese form of social anxiety: frequency and correlates in two generations of the same family|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/18wwv0eHq3WQewne7MsTCKPZvhUtPWryD/view?usp=drivesdk|journal=The International Journal of Social Psychiatry|volume=58|issue=6|pages=635–642|doi=10.1177/0020764011421099|issn=1741-2854|pmid=21911434|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2022-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705194738/https://drive.google.com/file/d/18wwv0eHq3WQewne7MsTCKPZvhUtPWryD/view?usp=drivesdk|dead-url=no}}</ref> yang mana fenomena ini lebih umum terjadi pada laki-laki dari pada perempuan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 Maret 2010|title=Taijin Kyofusho|url=http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php|website=www.brainphysics.com|language=en|access-date=23 Maret 2022|archive-date=2013-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425143744/http://www.brainphysics.com/taijin-kyofusho.php|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Deskripsi dari karya sastra mengenai rasa malu dapat ditelusuri kembali ke Zaman Hippokrates sekitar 400 SM. [[Hippokrates]] dalam karyanya mendeskripsikan seseorang yang memiliki kecemasan sosial sebagai orang yang memiliki rasa malu, kecurigaan, dan ketakutan, sehingga ia tidak akan terlihat di luar rumahnya. Ia mencintai kegelapan sebagai kehidupan tetapi tidak dapat menutupi cahaya karena ia duduk di tempat yang terang. Ia menutupi matanya dan tidak ingin melihat sesuatu, meski ia sendiri juga tidak terlihat. Dia tidak berani datang bersama orang lain karena takut dia akan disalahpahami, dipermalukan, atau melakukan sesuatu yang salah dalam hal tingkah maupun ucapan. Pada akhirnya dia takut karena mengira setiap orang akan memperhatikannya."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burton|first=Robert|date=1881|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DAIGAAAAQAAJ&q=Hippocrates+through+bashfulness,+suspicion,+and+timorousness,+will+not+be+seen+abroad&pg=PA253&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Hippocrates%20through%20bashfulness,%20suspicion,%20and%20timorousness,%20will%20not%20be%20seen%20abroad&f=false|title=The Anatomy of Melancholy: What it is with All the Kinds, Causes, Symptoms, Prognostics, and Several Cures of it : in Three Partitions, with Their Several Sections, Members and Subsections Philosophically, Medicinally, Historically Opened and Cut Up|publisher=Chatto & Windus|pages=253|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2023-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172215/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DAIGAAAAQAAJ&q=Hippocrates+through+bashfulness,+suspicion,+and+timorousness,+will+not+be+seen+abroad&pg=PA253&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Hippocrates%20through%20bashfulness,%20suspicion,%20and%20timorousness,%20will%20not%20be%20seen%20abroad&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Istilah psikiatri "fobia sosial" (''phobie des'', ''situations sociales'') baru disebut pertama kali pada awal 1900-an.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Furmark|first=Tomas|date=2000|url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A166039:166039/FULLTEXT01.pdf%26sa%3DU%26ei%3DufFqU7T7EYu2yASckIKwAg%26ved%3D0CCgQFjAC%26usg%3DAFQjCNFMAFBLSyIDfaFbHr6zZEVRH2lvgA&sa=U&ei=ufFqU7T7EYu2yASckIKwAg&ved=0CCgQFjAC&usg=AFQjCNFMAFBLSyIDfaFbHr6zZEVRH2lvgA#:~:text=Literary%20descriptions%20of%20shyness%20and,1900's%20by%20Janet%20(1903).|title=Social Phobia: From Epidemiology to Brain Function|publisher=ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA|isbn=91-554-4873-9|pages=9|url-status=live|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2022-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715041838/https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A166039/FULLTEXT01.pdf%26sa%3DU%26ei%3DufFqU7T7EYu2yASckIKwAg%26ved%3D0CCgQFjAC%26usg%3DAFQjCNFMAFBLSyIDfaFbHr6zZEVRH2lvgA#:~:text=Literary%20descriptions%20of%20shyness%20and,1900's%20by%20Janet%20(1903).|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Psikolog]] menggunakan istilah "neurosis sosial" untuk menggambarkan pasien yang memiliki kepribadian pemalu yang berlebihan pada tahun 1930-an. Penelitian tentang fobia sosial dan pengobatannya oleh Joseph Wolpe berkembang setelah ia melakukan pekerjaan ekstensif mengenai [[Desensitisasi (psikologi)|desensitisasi]] sistematis. Gagasan bahwa fobia sosial adalah entitas yang terpisah dari fobia lain berasal dari psikiater Inggris Isaac Marks pada 1960-an. Gagasan ini kemudian diterima oleh [[American Psychiatric Association]] dan pertama kali secara resmi dimasukkan dalam edisi ketiga dari buku ''[[Manual Diagnostik dan Statistik Gangguan Mental|Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]''. Definisi mengenai fobia sosial kemudian direvisi pada tahun 1989 untuk memungkinkan [[komorbiditas]] dengan ''Avoidant personality disorder'' dan memperkenalkan fobia sosial secara umum.<ref name=":0" /> Pada tahun-tahun sebelum 1985, fobia sosial atau kecemasan sosial merupakan bidang yang sering diabaikan. Bidang ini kemudian mendapatkan penelitian pertamanya pada tahun 1985 dengan Michael Liebowitz dan Richard Heimberg sebagai penelitinya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-18|title=Social Anxiety Disorder History|url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/Social-Anxiety-Disorder-History.aspx|website=News-Medical.net|language=en|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329154339/https://www.news-medical.net/health/Social-Anxiety-Disorder-History.aspx|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Setelah ditelitinya gangguan ini oleh psikiater Michael Liebowitz dan psikolog klinis Richard Heimberg, ada peningkatan perhatian dan penelitian tentang gangguan tersebut. DSM-IV memberi nama alternatif dari fobia sosial sebagai "gangguan kecemasan sosial".<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Social Anxiety Disorder Criteria Have Evolved and Changed|url=https://www.verywellmind.com/social-phobia-or-anxiety-disorder-3024447|website=Verywell Mind|language=en|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2023-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616200138/https://www.verywellmind.com/social-phobia-or-anxiety-disorder-3024447|dead-url=no}}</ref> Penelitian tentang psikologi dan [[sosiologi]] kecemasan sosial dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kemudian terus berlanjut. Model dan terapi perilaku kognitif dikembangkan untuk gangguan kecemasan sosial. Pada 1990-an, paroksetin menjadi obat resep pertama di [[Amerika Serikat|AS]] yang disetujui untuk mengobati gangguan kecemasan sosial.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stein|first=Murray B.|last2=Liebowitz|first2=Michael R.|last3=Lydiard|first3=R. Bruce|last4=Pitts|first4=Cornelius D.|last5=Bushnell|first5=William|last6=Gergel|first6=Ivan|date=1998-08-26|title=Paroxetine Treatment of Generalized Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)A Randomized Controlled Trial|url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.8.708|journal=JAMA|volume=280|issue=8|pages=708–713|doi=10.1001/jama.280.8.708|issn=0098-7484|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2023-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172228/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/187901|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=August 1998|title=Paroxetine treatment of generalized social phobia (social anxiety disorder): a randomized controlled trial|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13556351_Paroxetine_Treatment_of_Generalized_Social_Phobia_Social_Anxiety_Disorder|journal=JAMA|volume=280|issue=8|pages=708–13|doi=10.1001/jama.280.8.708|pmid=9728642|vauthors=Stein MB, Liebowitz MR, Lydiard RB, Pitts CD, Bushnell W, Gergel I|doi-access=free|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2022-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711100235/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13556351_Paroxetine_Treatment_of_Generalized_Social_Phobia_Social_Anxiety_Disorder|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=Mei 2005|title=Paroxetine improves social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents|url=http://ebmh.bmj.com/content/8/2/43.full|journal=Evidence-Based Mental Health|volume=8|issue=2|pages=43|doi=10.1136/ebmh.8.2.43|pmid=15851806|access-date=23 Maret 2022|vauthors=Manassis K|doi-access=free|url-status=live|archive-date=2017-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827171952/http://ebmh.bmj.com/content/8/2/43.full|dead-url=unfit}}</ref>

Pencegahan gangguan kecemasan merupakan salah satu fokus dari beberapa penelitian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jennifer Allen|first=Cathy Creswell & Lynne Murray|date=2013|title=Prevention of anxiety disorders|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285986306_Prevention_of_anxiety_disorders|journal=Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Children and Families|volume=3|issue=56|pages=1-22|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2022-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705173344/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285986306_Prevention_of_anxiety_disorders|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2004|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/prevention_of_mental_disorders_sr.pdf|title=Prevention of Mental Disorders: EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS AND POLICY OPTIONS|location=Jenewa|publisher=WHO|isbn=92 4 159215 X|pages=20-42|url-status=live|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2020-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225132534/https://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/prevention_of_mental_disorders_sr.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Penggunaan [[Terapi perilaku kognitif|Terapi Perilaku Kognitif]] dan teknik terkait dapat menurunkan jumlah anak dengan gangguan kecemasan sosial setelah diselesaikannya program pencegahan tersebut.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaczkurkin|first=Antonia N.|last2=Foa|first2=Edna B.|date=2015-9|title=Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4610618/|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=17|issue=3|pages=337–346|issn=1294-8322|pmc=4610618|pmid=26487814|access-date=2022-03-23|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603210436/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4610618/|dead-url=no}}</ref>