Tuhan personal: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dalam teks-teks [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]] era [[Abad Pertengahan|abad pertengahan]], tergantung pada aliran Hinduismealirannya, IshvaraIswara berarti Tuhan, Makhluk Tertinggi, Tuhan pribadi, atau [[Atman|AtmaPurusa]] khususIstimewa.<ref name="riepe">Dale Riepe (1961, Reprinted 1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-8120812932}}, pages 177–184, 208–215</ref><ref name="ianw">Ian Whicher, The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana, State University of New York press, {{ISBN|978-0791438152}}, pages 82–86</ref><ref name="mirceaelaide73">[[Mircea Eliade]] (2009), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691142036}}, pages 73–76</ref> Dalam aliran [[Saiwa]], ''Ishvara''Iswara adalah julukan dari [[Siwa]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=171|website=IITS Koeln|page=171|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309015920/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=171|archive-date=9 March 2023|access-date=13 January 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">James Lochtefeld, "Ishvara", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 306</ref><ref>{{Cite book|year=2014|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880450730|title=Lord Śiva's Song: the Īśvara Gītā|isbn=978-1-4384-5102-2|others=Andrew J. Nicholson, Laurie Searl|oclc=880450730}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=235, 379–380}}</ref> Dalam aliran [[Waisnawa]], ''Ishvara''Iswara sinonim dengan [[Wisnu]], seperti julukannya padasebagai [[VenkateswaraWenkateswara]].<ref name="olilea">Oliver Leaman (2000), Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415173582}}, page 251</ref> Dalam gerakan [[Bhakti]] tradisional, ''Ishvara''Iswara merujuk kepada satu atau lebih dewa favorit sesuai pilihan seseorang ([[Istadewata]]) dari kanon dewa-dewi politeistik Hindu. Dalam gerakan sektarian zaman modern seperti [[Arya Samaj]] dan [[Brahmoisme|Brahmoism]], ''Ishvara''Iswara diwujudkan sebagai Tuhan yang [[Monoteisme|monoteistik]].<ref name="rkpr">RK Pruthi (2004), Arya Samaj and Indian Civilization, {{ISBN|978-8171417803}}, pages 5–6, 48–49</ref> Dalam aliran [[Yoga]], ''Ishvara''Iswara adalah "dewa pribadi" atau "inspirasi spiritual" apa pun.<ref name="lpfl">Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pages 38–39</ref> Dalam aliran [[Adwaita Wedanta|Adwaita Vedanta]], IshvaraIswara adalah bentuk manifestasi dari [[Brahman]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bahm|first=Archie J.|date=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Su-SQNfNqgC&dq=ishvara+saguna+brahman&pg=PA140|title=The World's Living Religions|publisher=Jain Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-87573-000-4|language=en}}</ref>

[[Waisnawa]] dan [[Saiwa]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Satguru Sivaya|first=Subramuniyaswami|title=Dancing with Shiva|url=http://www.himalayanacademy.com/resources/books/dws/dws_mandala-04.html|publisher=Himalayan Academy|access-date=17 June 2011}}</ref> aliran-alliran dari agama Hindu, meyakini sifat pribadi Tuhan yang hakiki. Teks suci [[Wisnu Sahasranama]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Vishnu Sahasaranama - Transliteration and Translation of Chanting|url=http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/vishnu/vishnu_1.html|publisher=Swami-krishnananda.org|access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref> menyatakan pribadi [[Wisnu]] sebagai [[Paramatma]] (jiwa[[Atman|Atma]] tertinggi) dan [[Parameswara (Hindu)|Parameswara]] (Iswara atau "Tuhan" tertinggi) sementara Rudram menggambarkan hal yang sama tentang [[Siwa]]. Dalam [[Kresnaisme|teologi yang berpusat pada Kresna]] ([[Kresna]] dipandang sebagai perwujudan Wisnu oleh sebagian besar orang, kecuali gerakan aliran [[Gaudiya Waisnawa]]), gelar [[Swayam Bhagawan]] digunakan secara eksklusif untuk merujuk kepada Kresna dalam fitur pribadinya,<ref name="Gupta2007">{{cite book|author=Gupta, Ravi M.|year=2007|title=Caitanya Vaisnava Vedanta of Jiva Gosvami|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-40548-5}}</ref><ref name="Gupta2004">{{cite book|author=Gupta, Ravi M.|year=2004|title=Caitanya Vaisnava Vedanta: Acintyabhedabheda in Jiva Gosvami's Catursutri tika|publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> istilah tersebut digunakan oleh aliran [[Gaudiya Waisnawa]], [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]], dan pengikut [[Wallabha]], sementara pribadi Wisnu dan [[Narayana]] kadang-kadang disebut sebagai dewa pribadi tertinggi dalam aliran [[Waisnawa]] lainnya.<ref name="Delmonico2004">{{cite journal|author=Delmonico, N.|year=2004|title=The History of Indic Monotheism And Modern Chaitanya Vaishnavism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC&q=Vaisnava+monotheism&pg=PA31|journal=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12256-6|access-date=2008-04-12}}</ref><ref name="Elkman1986">{{cite book|author=Elkman, S.M.|author2=Gosvami, J.|year=1986|title=Jiva Gosvamin's Tattvasandarbha: A Study on the Philosophical and Sectarian Development of the Gaudiya Vaishnava Movement|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pub}}</ref>